露天矿抛掷爆破——单斗卡车工艺关键技术研究.pdf
分类号分类号 TD824 密密 级级___ _公开公开___ UDCUDC______ ___ 单位代单位代码码_____________ 硕士学位论文硕士学位论文 论文题目论文题目露天矿抛掷爆破单斗卡车工艺关键技术研究 英文题目英文题目Research on the Key Technologies of Casting Blast-single Bucket Truck Process Applied to Open-pit Mine 学位类学位类别别 工学硕士 研 究 生 姓研 究 生 姓 名名 缪伟 学号学号 201102057 学科学科领域领域名称名称 采矿工程 指导教指导教师师 郭昭华 职称职称教授级高工 协助指导教协助指导教师师 职称职称 2014 年 05 月 10 日 1 0 1 2 7 - I - 摘摘 要要 本文在分析研究应用理论的基础上,结合哈尔乌素露天煤矿现状、抛掷爆破单斗 卡车工艺在国内外应用状况,对哈尔乌素露天煤矿进行保持原生产能力 30Mt/a 的抛掷 爆破单斗卡车工艺技术改造关键技术研究。根据哈尔乌素岩体动态特性、可爆性等相 关工程地质条件,经列线图解模式初步确定抛掷爆破参数后,采用抛掷爆破设计模拟分 析软件,对哈尔乌素露天煤矿进行抛掷爆破设计模拟,以达到抛掷爆破孔网参数优化及 优化后爆堆形态模拟的目的。根据孔网参数优化后的爆堆模拟形态分析,以及哈尔乌素 露天煤矿开采技术条件及设备条件,对抛掷爆破单斗卡车工艺系统的台阶高度、实体 采宽、工作线长度等开采工艺参数进行设计。并对抛掷爆破后爆堆剥离方案进行技术经 济比选,确定合理爆堆剥离方案。在保证运输线路互不交叉干扰的前提下,以最小运输 距离为原则,并同时满足尽可能少的道路工程量要求,对不同运输系统方案进行技术经 济优选,最终确定技术可行经济合理的坑内运输系统方案为中间沟运煤、搭双桥内排 运输系统方案。为保证煤能从有限的狭窄空间内顺利运出,研究煤台阶划分、采煤工作 面布置方式及采煤作业方式。并根据抛掷爆破、爆堆剥离、采煤等工序的时空关系和衔 接顺序,设置合理抛掷爆破单斗卡车工艺系统开采程序。 保证在哈尔乌素露天煤矿在单斗卡车工艺系统上实施抛掷爆破技术后,依然能维持 煤炭生产能力的持续和稳定。通过分析计算抛掷爆破震动对周边建筑物安全及边坡稳定 性影响,得出抛掷爆破各方位爆破震动允许的安全距离,指导安全生产。采用 ansys 边 坡模拟分析软件对哈尔乌素露天煤矿抛掷爆破高台阶边坡可能存在的滑坡模式和滑坡 机理进行了模拟分析,为安全生产的边坡安全预防提供工作指导。并采用 Geoslpoe 岩土边坡模拟计算软件对抛掷爆破高台阶边坡安全系数进行计算,结果表明,按设计参 数实施后,作为临时高陡边坡的抛掷爆破高台阶能保证在国家规范安全系数以内,能保 证下部采煤工作面的安全生产。对哈尔乌素露天煤矿进行抛掷爆破单斗卡车工艺技术 改造进行技术经济指标评价,最终论证了其技术上可行性及经济上的合理性。 关键词关键词抛掷爆破;单斗卡车;采剥程序;运输系统;安全经济 - II - Abstract Based on the study of application theories, combined with current status of Haerwusu surface mine and the domestic and abroad application situation of casting blast - single bucket trucks, research on improving the key process without decreasing the production capacity of 30Mt / a concerning casting blast - single bucket truck process employed in Haerwusu opencast coal is inplemented. According to the dynamic characteristics, blastability and other related engineering geological conditions of Haerwusu rock, after throwing blasting parameters are initially determined via nomograph mode, casting blast design simulations of Haerwusu surface mine are cuted using casting blast design simulation software, in order to achieve the purposes of optimization of parameters of casting blast network and to achieve rock pile shape simulation afterwards. With the simulated blasting morphological analysis after the network parameters are optimized, in addition with mining conditions and equipment conditions of Haerwusu Opencast, the step height, physical mining width, length and other mining parameters of casting blast - single bucket truck technology system are designed. Besides, the solutions to rock pile and throw stripping blasting are technically and economiclly compared with each other to determine a reasonable solution. In ensuring transportation routes do not cross interfere, under the premise of the principle of minimum transportation distance, meanwhile meeting the requirements of minimum amount of road engineering as possible, different transport system solutions are analyzed technically and economicly and finally the transport system solution technically feasible and economically reasonable is transport coal by the way of middle ditch, and bridge internal row transportation system plan. To ensure the coal successfully ship out of a limited narrow space, the coal level division and the coal level layout and mining practices are studied. According to relationships and bridging sequence of processes like throw blasting, rock pile stripping and mining, reasonable casting blast - single bucket truck mining process technology system is set . - III - Ensure that with the implementation of casting blast on a single throw bucket truck system in Haerwusu opencast coal mine, production costs are greatly reduced while coal production capacity still remains consistent and stable. By calculation and analysis the influences of throwing the blasting on stability of the surrounding buildings and the slope, the safe distance of casting blast in all directions, which can be the guidance for safe production, is presented. Ansys slope simulation software is employed to silulate and analyze possible landslides and landslide mechanism of high- level slope in throwing blast in Haerwusu, thus provide safety precautions of slope stability for safe production. Moreover, by using Geo-slpoe Slope casting blast simulation software for high- level safety factor calculation in casting blast, the results show that the implementation according to the designed parameters can ensure that throwing blasting high level as a temporary high and steep slope can be within specification of the national security coefficient, and guarantee safe production of subground mining works. Technical and economic indicators of casting blast - single bucket trucks process in Haerwusu Opencast are uated, and technical feasibility and economic reasonableness are elaborated finally. Key words Key words casting blast, single bucket truck, Stripping process, transportation system, safety economy 内蒙古科技大学硕士学位论文 IV 目目 录录 摘 要 .................................................................................................................................... I Abstract ......................................................................................................................................II 1 绪论 ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 选题背景及研究意义 ................................................................................................... 1 1.2 国内外研究现状 ........................................................................................................... 2 1.2.1 国外研究现状 ....................................................................................................... 2 1.2.2 国内研究现状 ....................................................................................................... 2 1.3 论文主要研究方法及内容 ........................................................................................... 3 1.4 论文研究的技术路线 ................................................................................................... 4 1.5 本章小结 ....................................................................................................................... 4 2 抛掷爆破技术应用研究 ......................................................................................................... 5 2.1 哈尔乌素露天煤矿应用抛掷爆破条件分析 .............................................................. 5 2.2 哈尔乌素露天煤矿岩体动态特性及可爆性测试 ....................................................... 6 2.2.1 岩体波速测试 ...................................................................................................... 6 2.2.2 岩石波速测试 ...................................................................................................... 9 2.2.3 岩体完整性、裂隙系数与可爆性 .................................................................... 10 2.2.4 抛掷爆破炸药类型选择 ..................................................................................... 10 2.3 哈尔乌素露天煤矿抛掷爆破参数确定 ..................................................................... 11 2.3.1 爆破设计参数初步确定 ..................................................................................... 11 2.3.2 排间延时间隔 tp 和孔间延时间隔 tk ............................................................... 16 2.3.3 抛掷爆破一次爆破合理爆区长度的确定 ......................................................... 16 2.3.4 大孔径倾斜孔预裂爆破装药结构及装药量计算 ............................................. 17 2.4 抛掷爆破模拟设计分析 ............................................................................................. 18 2.4.1 抛掷爆破设计原理 ............................................................................................. 19 2.4.2 抛掷爆破设计分析 ............................................................................................. 19 2.5 抛掷爆破孔网参数优化 ............................................................................................. 21 2.5.1 抛掷爆破设计要素分析 ..................................................................................... 21 2.5.2 抛掷爆破设计结果分析 ..................................................................................... 22 内蒙古科技大学硕士学位论文 V 2.6 抛掷爆破爆堆形态研究 ............................................................................................. 23 2.6.1 抛掷爆破爆堆类型及特点 ................................................................................. 24 2.6.2 抛掷爆破爆堆形态分析 ..................................................................................... 25 2.7 本章小结 .................................................................................................................... 27 3 抛掷爆破单斗卡车工艺系统研究 ................................................................................... 28 3.1 抛掷爆破剥离台阶参数的确定 ................................................................................. 28 3.1.1 抛掷爆破剥离台阶高度 ..................................................................................... 28 3.1.2 抛掷爆破剥离台阶实体采宽 ............................................................................. 29 3.2 工作线布置方式及长度分析 ..................................................................................... 30 3.2.1 工作线布置方式优化 ......................................................................................... 30 3.2.2 经济合理工作线长度确定 ................................................................................. 33 3.2.3 工作线长度的最终确定 ..................................................................................... 38 3.3 爆堆剥离程序方案研究 ............................................................................................. 39 3.3.1 爆堆剥离程序方案分析 ..................................................................................... 39 3.3.2 侧压三角煤爆堆剥离经济合理性分析 ............................................................. 43 3.3.3 抛掷爆破爆堆剥离程序方案优选 ..................................................................... 44 3.4 运煤方式研究 ............................................................................................................. 45 3.4.1 可选的运煤方式 ................................................................................................. 45 3.4.2 运煤方式优选 ..................................................................................................... 46 3.5 坑内运输系统方案研究 ............................................................................................. 49 3.5.1 运输系统方案分析 ............................................................................................. 49 3.5.2 运输系统经济指标分析 ..................................................................................... 53 3.5.3 运输系统方案优选 ............................................................................................. 54 3.5.4 运输系统内排桥位置优化 ................................................................................. 54 3.6 采煤系统研究 ............................................................................................................. 55 3.6.1 采煤台阶的划分 ................................................................................................. 55 3.6.2 工作面布置方式 ................................................................................................. 56 3.6.3 备采煤量计算 ..................................................................................................... 56 3.7 作业程序研究 ............................................................................................................. 57 3.8 抛掷爆破爆堆剥离设备选型 ..................................................................................... 61 内蒙古科技大学硕士学位论文 VI 3.8.1 抛掷爆破爆堆剥离设备类型及线性参数的选择 ............................................. 61 3.8.2 抛掷爆破爆堆剥离所需设备的生产能力确定 ................................................. 62 3.8.3 抛掷爆破爆堆剥离设备斗容估算 ..................................................................... 66 3.9 抛掷爆破单斗卡车工艺系统动态调整 ................................................................. 67 3.9.1 年煤层平均厚度变大 ......................................................................................... 68 3.9.2 年煤层平均厚度变薄 ......................................................................................... 69 3.10 本章小结 ................................................................................................................... 71 4 抛掷爆破单斗卡车工艺安全技术分析 ........................................................................... 71 4.1 抛掷爆破高台阶边坡稳定性分析 ............................................................................ 71 4.1.1 抛掷爆破高台阶边坡破坏机理及滑坡模式 ..................................................... 72 4.1.2 抛掷爆破高台阶边坡稳定性分析与评价 ......................................................... 75 4.2 抛掷爆破震动控制技术分析 ..................................................................................... 78 4.2.1 爆破震动测试 ..................................................................................................... 78 4.2.2 爆破震动安全距离分析 ..................................................................................... 80 4.3 本章小结 .................................................................................................................... 83 5 抛掷爆破单斗卡车工艺技术经济评价 ........................................................................... 85 5.1 抛掷爆破单斗卡车工艺优势分析 ......................................................................... 85 5.2 抛掷爆破单斗卡车工艺经济效益分析 ................................................................. 86 5.3 本章小结 ..................................................................................................................... 87 结 论 .................................................................................................................................. 88 参考文献 .................................................................................................................................. 89 在学研究成果 .......................................................................................................................... 93 致 谢 .................................................................................................................................. 94 内蒙古科技大学硕士学位论文 - 1 - 1 绪论绪论 1.1选题背景及研究意义选题背景及研究意义 煤炭以占我国一次能源 70的优势, 在我国将以支柱性地位而长期存在。 因此依 靠高新科技,走资源综合高效协调的可持续发展道路,是煤炭工业在新时期战略发展 的必然选择。 在开采露天煤矿过程中需要对煤层的上覆岩层进行剥离。 最机动灵活的工艺为松 动爆破单斗卡车工艺,但成本较高。而我国露天煤矿覆盖层普遍较厚,其中哈尔 乌素露天煤矿平均覆盖层厚度达 150m,对单斗卡车工艺生产成本带来一定的挑战, 针对其剥离成本上的问题, 将定向抛掷爆破技术吸收并应用于大型露天煤矿的岩层剥 离中,对加快工程进度及缩短工期具有积极的意义,根据在黑岱沟露天煤矿的高台阶 抛掷爆破应用经验, 可将 30抛掷爆破量直接抛至采空区, 大大减少整个露天煤矿岩 石剥离工程量,并对水平煤层、缓倾斜煤层、单煤层、多煤层等多种开采技术条件具 有普遍的适用性,且生产效益高。 我国目前符合开采技术条件的露天煤矿, 在单斗卡车工艺下使用抛掷爆破技术必 然成为其研究的重点方向。国内将抛掷爆破技术应用在单斗卡车工艺前提下,将大大 较少卡车的运费, 缩减卡车运输距离, 以使得单斗卡车工艺在露天矿更能体现其优势, 成为更多露天矿的首选。 但由于国内一直以来就缺乏抛掷爆破单斗卡车工艺等相关技 术的支持,所以单斗卡车工艺前提下使用抛掷爆破技术尚待研发,不管是技术理论还 是生产试验都毫无先例可循,而在我国各大采用单斗卡车工艺的露天矿,尤其在上世 纪 90 年代之后新开工建设的武家塔露天煤矿、柠条塔露天煤矿、胜利 1#露天煤矿、 哈尔乌素露天煤矿等大型露天矿, 其相关地质赋存条件和开采技术条件均适合采用抛 掷爆破技术, 这使得抛掷爆破单斗卡车工艺将必然成为未来露天采矿创新科技的重 点发展方向。 该课题的研究将为我国具备开采技术条件的露天煤矿提供一种更为高效 低成本的剥离技术,并提供关键的技术及理论支持,使我国露天煤矿事业的发展迈向 新的一步。 内蒙古科技大学硕士学位论文 - 2 - 1.2国内外研究现状国内外研究现状