近水平露天煤矿抛掷爆破条件下多煤层开采关键技术研究.pdf

博士学位论文 近水平露天煤矿抛掷爆破条件下多煤层开 采关键技术研究 Key Techniques of Multi- Coal Seams Mining Under Condition of Adopting Blast Casting 作 者马 力 导 师李克民教授 中国矿业大学 二〇一五年五月 中图分类号 TD 824 学校代码 10290 UDC 622 密 级 公开 中国矿业大学 博士学位论文 近水平露天煤矿抛掷爆破条件下 多煤层开采关键技术研究 Key Techniques of Multi-Coal Seams Mining Under Condition of Adopting Blast Casting 作 者 马 力 导 师 李克民 申请学位 工学博士 培养单位 矿业工程学院 学科专业 采矿工程 研究方向 露天开采 答辩委员会主席 评 阅 人 二〇一五年五月 学位论文使用授权声明 学位论文使用授权声明 本人完全了解中国矿业大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意本人所撰 写的学位论文的使用授权按照学校的管理规定处理 作为申请学位的条件之一， 学位论文著作权拥有者须授权所在学校拥有学位 论文的部分使用权，即①学校档案馆和图书馆有权保留学位论文的纸质版和电 子版，可以使用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编学位论文；②为教学和 科研目的，学校档案馆和图书馆可以将公开的学位论文作为资料在档案馆、图书 馆等场所或在校园网上供校内师生阅读、浏览。另外，根据有关法规，同意中国 国家图书馆保存研究生学位论文。 （保密的学位论文在解密后适用本授权书） 。 作者签名 导师签名 年 月 日 年 月 日 论文审阅认定书 论文审阅认定书 研究生 马 力 在规定的学习年限内，按照研究生培养方 案的要求，完成了研究生课程的学习，成绩合格；在我的指导下完成 本学位论文,经审阅，论文中的观点、数据、表述和结构为我所认同， 论文撰写格式符合学校的相关规定， 同意将本论文作为学位申请论文 送专家评审。 导师签字 年 月 日 致 谢 致 谢 寒暑更迭又五载，彭城一梦已九春。随着博士论文的付梓，终于宣告二十余 年学生生涯的结束。五载光阴，经历过状态低谷时的迷惑困顿，体会过不懈坚持 后的释然，所有心血汇聚成这八万文字。回望来路，伴着激动与泪水，万千感慨 百般滋味。纵观论文的研究内容，是我在硕士和博士阶段逐步的积累和总结的成 果，在我的研究生涯期间，那些在我背后默默支持我、鼓励我、给予我希望和灵 感的人是我最值得尊敬和感谢的人。 谢师提挈沉沦外，授余渔技江渚中。自硕士阶段以来，有幸师从导师李克民 教授，迈入露天开采与矿山爆破工程领域的研究大门。学正为师、身正为范，恩 师学识广博、视野广阔，从教三十余年，拥有丰富的科研经验。五年的时间里， 恩师教会了我许多许多，不仅是如何做科研，更重要的是如何做人。从论文的选 材、定题、结构、定稿、修改等每一步都是在恩师的精心指导下完成。五年的时 间里，蒙恩师不弃，耳提面命，在为本人的培养方面倾注了大量心血。感谢师母 王凤华老师在求学期间给予的无微不至的关怀。在此，向导师李克民教授和师母 王凤华老师表示崇高的敬意和衷心的感谢 海阔云高重迷雾，明灯引路自高航。求学期间，得到了露天所众多老师们的 教诲和指点，感谢才庆祥教授、姬长生教授、车兆学教授、尚涛教授、舒继森教 授、周伟副教授、陈树召讲师，你们的教诲一生铭记。一路走来，矿大九年，从 课堂求知到投身科研，众位师长的言传身教，耳濡目染地促进我不断前进。特别 感谢车兆学教授和尚涛教授在本科课程设计和毕业设计期间给予的细致辅导， 使 我充分掌握专业技术知识并促成严谨细致科研精神的养成。 感谢彭洪阁副教授与 李娜女士在学习和生活中给予众多帮助和关怀。 感谢矿业学院工业工程系马从安 副教授在项目期间给予的指导，以及在科研与求职过程中的帮助。感谢矿业工程 学院殷实老师、付丽红老师、潘晓龙老师、王华老师，在日常学习及资料收集中 提供的巨大帮助。 甘苦同舟栉风雨，布衣之交共相携。感谢同门师兄弟（妹）们，感谢与你们 一起度过的愉快五年，感谢在得意与失意时刻有你们常伴左右。特别感谢师兄丁 小华博士，五年的相伴如兄长般的关照；感谢师兄许晨硕士、洪勇硕士、何林硕 士；感谢同学常治国硕士、李涛硕士；感谢师弟肖双双博士、刘干硕士、吕粲硕 士、刘桐硕士、唐文亮硕士、黄甫硕士；感谢并肩度过五年研究生涯的刘福明博 士和韩流博士，一路相携互助，感谢你们使我研究生期间的生活多了一抹斑斓， 感谢在论文写作及成稿过程中给予的帮助； 感谢师弟罗春生硕士对论文模拟部分 给予的帮助，感谢 Sydney Ponkeni Chinyanta 博士对全文翻译的审校；感谢徐 州工程学院数学系赵建强副教授在数学模型方面给予的帮助。 论文写作期间得到了许多同学、朋友的大力支持，论文从定稿到完成，无数 次交流都饱含着他们的鼓励与帮助。神华准能集团有限责任公司的许晨师兄、张 国营师兄为本文提供了大量资料及现场实际数据；大地设计院宋自备、新疆工程 学院常治国、西安设计院李涛、内蒙设计院刘记鹏、南京设计院王为举、伊敏露 天煤矿李志强、神山露天矿侯鹏、昆明煤炭设计院罗渊、毛永祥、清华大学 ATM Abdullah 等众多同学、好友都为论文写作提供了大量资料，在此向他们表示感 谢 君心若水长相知，乾坤万里莲心持。感谢我的好友张兆亮、刘兆男、刘雷、 贾丹同学，感谢在研究生期间给予的精神上和生活上的帮助。感谢在我最困难、 最迷惑的时期内有你们的陪伴， 你们的鼓励和支持是我顺利完成博士学业的强大 支撑。 而立之年念亲恩，双眸凝泪意难言。感谢我的父母及亲人们，他们的爱宽容 博大， 多年无私的付出换就我的今天； 他们的坚守与鼓励， 是我完成学业的动力。 感谢在徐州工作生活的表姐王秀力一家， 让我在千里之外的异地也感受家庭的温 暖 从北国边疆到汉地彭城，感谢在九年求学期间中，每一位给予我帮助和鼓励 的人，我会带着感恩的心去投入新的工作生活，我会一直祝福你们。 论文写作过程中，参考了众多国内外专家学者的研究成果和著作，感谢他们 的思想和成果，为我的论文研究提供了重要基础 最后，由衷地感谢各位专家、学者在百忙之中评阅我的论文 马力 2015.05.21 I 摘 要 摘 要 露天煤矿开发模式呈现规模化生产、集约化经营，以不断加强科技创新和技 术进步，降低生产成本并提高资源回采率，促进资源、社会与环境的协调可持续 发展。抛掷爆破技术虽然作为低成本的剥离技术应用于露天煤矿生产中，但由之 而来的开采限制性问题对后续资源开采方式造成影响。论文综合运用露天采矿 学、爆破工程理论、现代数学方法、系统工程等多种理论，为抛掷爆破技术应用 条件及资源开采问题提供了理论支撑。 基于岩石抛掷爆破机理和外弹道理论，确定了台阶高宽比、炮孔倾角、炸药 单耗、延时时间间隔、预裂爆破、孔网参数等为影响抛掷爆破效果的主要影响因 素，并基于因子分析法构建了爆破效果影响因素关联程度的分析模型；采用模糊 数学原理和集值统计原理建立了抛掷爆破效果评价模型。 基于露天采矿学基本原 理，分析了抛掷爆破技术的主要特点和爆堆形态特征，确定台阶坡面形态是最佳 抵抗设计的基础因素，阐述了台阶坡面数据矢量化的基本方法、数据处理及坐标 转换方式， 分析了抛掷爆破震动对露天矿边坡的影响机制， 结合工艺设备可靠性、 统计的爆堆形态特点，确定了开采参数与生产能力间影响关系，对各参数进行敏 感性分析，确定倒堆台阶高度对生产能力影响最为敏感，其次为拉斗铲稳态有效 度、有效抛掷率，而采掘带宽度与工作线长度的敏感度较低。确定了影响抛掷爆 破多煤层开采方式选择的关键因素，分析了影响工艺匹配的主要因素与工艺类 型、工艺适应性及工艺应用特征，分别从原煤产量要求的最小推进度、后续生产 环节影响、设备投资与开采成本三方面确定了抛掷爆破工艺匹配的决策指标，并 从前设计型和后设计型构建了生产成本数学模型；以露天矿生产能力为约束目 标，根据抛掷爆破爆堆形态特征及对后续采排工程的影响特点，结合设备生产能 力和工艺设备作业方式，构建抛掷爆破多煤层开采方式选择的生产能力模型，并 基于 TOPSIS 法构建了多煤层开采方式综合优选模型。结合抛掷爆破台阶与采空 区位置关系，分析了有效抛掷距离随抛掷爆破相对位置高度变化的规律，确定多 煤层条件下抛掷爆破位高可显著增加岩块的抛掷距离， 对提高有效抛掷率具有较 明显的趋势；对多煤层下的抛掷爆破台阶参数进行优化，分别构建了采掘带高度 和台阶高度的非线性规划数学模型、工作线长度的双目标优化模型；分析了在抛 掷爆破条件下露天矿山的开采程序与开拓运输系统， 确定了不同开拓运输系统的 移设步距优化模型；研究了采矿工程推进度的影响因素，并分析了边坡稳定性随 采排工程推进变化规律，确定边坡稳定性系数随端帮暴露面积增大而显著降低。 该论文有图 68 幅，表 27 个，参考文献 117 篇。 关键词关键词露天煤矿；抛掷爆破；爆破效果；多煤层；开采程序 II Abstract The development modes of Surface coal mines present large-scale operations and intensive management. They are more important in strengthening scientific, and technological innovations and progresses to reduce the production costs and improve the resources recovery ratio, to enhance the coordinated and sustainable development of resources, society and the environment. Although blast casting is applied in surface coal mines as an inexpensive stripping technique, it is associated with restrictive factors resulting in major effects in following the resource mining approaches. Several subjects and theories such as surface mining, blasting engineering, modern mathematics s and systems engineering were synthetically applied to study the applicable conditions of blast casting and resource recovery issues under its influence. According to the trajectory theory process of rock casting, the main factors influencing the effect of blast casting such as the ratio of bench height to width, hole inclination, explosive consumption, the time interval of delay, pre-split blasting and hole pattern parameters were determined. The analysis model of the correlation degree between the factors influencing blast casting was established on the basis of the Factor Analysis . Blast casting effect uation model was established by adopting fuzzy mathematics principle and set-valued statistical theories. Major features of blast casting technique and muck pile morphological characteristics were analyzed in accordance with the surface mining principles. The bench slope surface was determined as the basic factor influencing the design of optimum charge resistance line. The basic s of bench slope data vectorization, data processing and coordinate transation were also described while the influence mechanism of vibration of coal stripping to open pit slope stability was analyzed. Combining the reliability of equipment with the statistical characteristics of blasting pile, the relationships influencing the degree to which the mining parameters affects the production capacities were determined after analyzing the sensitivities of parameters. Blast casting bench height is the key factor influencing the production capacity, followed by dragline steady availability and effective casting ratio, and lastly is the working face length and working line length. The key factor in choosing the way of blast casting in Multi-seam mining was determined and the major factors influencing process matching, type, adaptability and application were analyzed. The decision index of blast casting process matching was determined from three aspects, III which are the minimum advance degree for capacity, the effect of downstream production links and the equipment investment and production cost. Then the production cost mathematical models for the er-design and later-design were established. Taking mine capacity as a constraint and combining it with the operation mode and production capacity of equipment, the production capacity model was established for choosing mining schemes of multi-seams under blast casting conditions in accordance with the cast blasting muck pile morphological characteristics and influence on the subsequent mining and dumping. A comprehensive optimization model for choosing mining schemes was established based on TOPSIS principle. The relationship of blast casting relative position height to casting distance was analyzed. It is determined that under the condition of multi coal seams, blast casting position height could increase the casting distance of rock block significantly, thereby improving the casting ratio. Blast casting bench parameters were analyzed under the condition of multi-coal seams, nonlinear programming models for mining panel width and bench height were established, as well as multi-objective optimization model for working line length. Mining sequence and development transport system were analyzed under the condition of blast casting. The advancing distance optimization model of the different development transport system was established. Factors affecting the mining advancing rate and the variation of the slope stability with the mining advance were analyzed, the results which shows that the slope stability factors decreases with increased end-wall area. There are 68 figures, 27 tables and 117 references. Keywords surface coal mine; blast casting; blast effect; multi-coal seams; mining procedures IV Extended Abstract Adopting blast casting technique into stripping procedures has a great significance towards enhancing stripping equipment efficiency and reducing production costs in surface coal mines as part of the overburden can be thrown into mined-out area by powerful explosion energy. On the contrary, it produces some negative effects such as the problems of parameter optimization, technology matching, work space restriction and especially the derived resource recovery issues of multi coal seams that cannot be ignored. According to theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and other s, all the above issues were studied by synthetically adopting several subjects and theories such as surface mining, blasting engineering, modern mathematics s and systems engineering. The main conclusions obtained from the above study were as follows 1 The plane charge principle was determined as the effective to realize blast casting by combining column charges into plane charge. Based on rock dynamics, the process of blasting shock wave and explosion products were analyzed and rock blast casting mechanism was determined. According to the trajectory theory in the process of rock casting, the main factors influencing the effect of blast casting were determined, such as the parameters of working bench height-to-width ratio, blast hole angle, explosive type and unit consumption, delay time, pre-split blasting and hole pattern besides the explosive characteristic. The correlation degree analysis model of the influencing factors was also analyzed on the basis of the Factor Analysis . uation indices of explosive unit consumption, limit velocity, effective casting ratio and loosening coefficient were selected and the blast casting effect uation model was established by adopting fuzzy mathematics principles and set-valued statistical theories. Taking actual measured blasting data of Heidaigou surface coal mine as study case, the influencing parameters are explosive unit consumption, blast hole spacing, minimum burden, row distance and bench height. Based on the correlation degree analysis model of blasting effect influencing factors, blasting effect is determined as the first degree according to the maximum membership principle adopting comprehensive uation model of blast casting effects. 2 According to the surface mining principles, the main features of blast casting technique and muck pile morphological characteristics were analyzed. The key V problems were determined and studied for blast casting technique adopted in surface coal mines. Bench slope surface was the basic factor influencing design of optimum charge resistance line. The basic of bench slope data vectorization, data processing and the coordinate transation were also described. The influencing mechanism of blast casting vibration on surface mine slope stability was analyzed as well. After analyzing equipment reliability and statistical muck pile morphology, the influencing relationship and sensitivity degree of mining parameters with production capacities were determined. Casting bench height was determined as the most sensitive factor influencing production capacity, with the decreasing sensitiveness on dragline steady availability, effective casting ratio, mining width and working face length. 3 The key factors influencing mining selection schemes for multi-coal seams when adopting blast casting were determined. The major factors influencing the category and adaption of stripping technologies and technological matching were also analyzed. Decision indices for alternative matching technologies of blast casting technique were determined from three aspects, namely, the minimum advance speed for ensuring coal capacity, effect on follow-on production, and equipment investment and mining costs. The production cost mathematical models for the er-design and later-design were then established. On the constraint on production capacity when combined with the operation mode and production capacity of equipment, the production output model was established for choosing mining schemes of multi-seams under blast casting conditions in accordance to the blast casting muck pile morphological characteristics and its influence on the subsequent mining and dumping. A comprehensive optimization model for choosing mining schemes based on TOPSIS principle was established as well. Taking Heidaigou surface coal mine as a case study, production costs of a dragline has an obvious advantage compared to that of a shovel-truck system. Production capacities for different mining schemes achieved were studied and the result shows that a dragline working on a blast casting bench with auxiliary equipment on a lower rock bench is the optimum scheme for mining 9th coal under blast casting condition. 4 According to the relationship of the position of the blast casting bench with mined-out areas, the influence of blast casting position height on effective casting ratio was analyzed, the result which is obviously to increase effective casting distance to LtLΔ Δ . Blast casting bench parameters were analyzed under the condition of VI multi-coal seams, nonlinear programming models for mining panel width and bench height were established, as well as multi-objective optimization model for working line length. Mining procedures and transportation systems of surface coal mines with blast casting effect were analyzed, and a model was determined for optimizing transportation systems with different structures. The factors influencing the advance speed of the excavation were studied and the relationship of slope stability changes with excavating advance was analyzed. The results show that slope stability decreased observably with increasing end wall exposed area. After analyzing the effects influencing the excavating of the 9th coal seam with the existing blast casting in Heidaigou surface coal mine, the optimum positions for adopting blast casting in the rock of 6th coal seam roof were set as follows; mining panel of around 75 to 97m according to dragline working capacity, maximum blast bench height of 42.6m, minimum working face length of 2640m to meet the required capacities, optimum shift step for moving and re-setti