二级建造师继续教育作业.doc

In almost every branch of civil engineering and architecture, extensive use is made of reinforced concrete for structures and foundation. special precautions must be taken for concrete exposed to salts such as deicing chemicals. 几乎在每一个土木工程与建筑，广泛使用分支钢筋混凝土结构和基础。特别必须采取预防措施，如对接触化学品的除冰盐混凝土。 Where a railway crosses a navigable waterway, a bridge must be built which is capable of being opened in order to allow the river or canal traffic to pass. Because of the circuitous and directional flow of water-ways, railways often have an advantage over barges. 凡铁路穿越航道，桥梁建设必须是能够被打开，以使河流或运河流量通过。由于水的迂回和方向流动的方式，铁路往往对趸船的优势。 This is why the hot water system in a furnace will operate without the use of a water pump, if the pipes are the arranged so that the hottest water rises while the coldest water runs down again to the furnace. 这就是为什么一炉热水系统的运作没有一个水泵的使用，如果管道的安排，以使最热门的水上升，而最冷的水耗尽时再次炉。 The bending moments, shear and axial forces, and deflections of reinforced concrete frames at any stage of loading from zero to ultimate load can be determined analytically using the condition of static equilibrium and geometric compatibility, if the moment-curvature relationships of the sections are knows. 在弯矩，剪力和轴力，挠度和钢筋装载的任何阶段，混凝土框架结构从零发展到极限才能确定解析利用静力平衡和几何相容性条件，如果目前的章节曲率关系知道。 The structural design itself includes two different tasks, the design of the structure, in which the sizes and locations of the main members are settled, and the analysis of this structure by mathematical or graphical s or both, to work out how the loads pass through the structure with the particular members chosen. 结构设计本身包括两个不同的任务，结构的，其中的大小和位置的主要成员获得解决，而这一数学或图形的方法或从结构分析，设计，研究如何通过的负载与选择的特定成员结构 If, after a body is deed by some force, it returns to its original shape or size after removal of the force, the material is said to be elastic. The moment-curvature relationship chosen is assumed to have a horizontal branch beyond yield, with the moment remaining constant at the ultimate value. 如果经过一个机构是由某种力量变形，它返回到原来的形状和大小后，部队搬迁，材料被认为是有弹性的。那一刻，曲率关系的选择假设有一个超越收益率水平的分行，其余的最终价值不变的时刻。 During the work of boring, all the excavated material must be brought out through the narrow confines of the bore itself, and in preserving the of his bore, which he must do with the most minute accuracy, the engineer is deprived of any means of checking his position by reference to external objects, as he can do with any surface line. 在枯燥的工作，所有的挖掘物料带出，必须通过自身的孔狭窄，以及在维护他的孔，他一定要以最微小的准确性，工程师是任何检测手段剥夺他的立场参照外部对象，因为他可以做任何表面一致 When the reinforcement is strongly bonded to the concrete, a strong, stiff, and ductile construction material is produced. It would be unwise to rely on any increase in strength due to strain hardening because this could be associated with very large ultimate deations of the members. 当增援的强烈保税的具体，一个强有力的，刚性，韧性和建筑材料的生产。这将是不明智的依赖任何实力的增强，由于应变硬化，因为这可能是与各成员最终变形非常大的关联。 Untold numbers of organisms in past geological periods were buried beneath silt and sand, in the absence of oxygen, were transed by heat, pressure and time into the deposits of fossil-coal, petroleum and natural gas that now yield their bound energies to man. 无数的生物体在过去的地质时期大多被埋在淤泥和沙子，在缺氧的情况下，是由热，压力和时间变成了化石存款煤，石油和天然气产量，现在人类的约束力量。 The cables bear on specially constructed saddles on the towers, which are shaped to accommodate them, the saddles being either fixed so that the cables may slide over them, or mounted on rollers so that they move with any movement of the cables. 电缆塔上，这些形状，以适应他们特制的马鞍熊，马鞍是不是固定的，使电缆可能对他们的幻灯片，或安装在滚轮，让他们与任何电缆运动的行动。 Few businesses can survive without a knowledge of costs and without an intelligent control of costs. The basic functional requirement of a residential building is the provision of discrete dwelling units for groups of individuals. 很少有企业能够继续生存下去的成本没有的知识和智能控制成本。基本的住宅建筑功能要求，是为个人团体离散住宅单位的规定。 In the course of designing a structure, you have to take into consideration what kind of load the above mentioned structure will be subjected, where on the structure the structure the said load will do what is expected and whether the load on the structure in put into position all of a sudden or applied by degree. 在结构设计过程中，你必须考虑到上述的结构是什么样的负载将受到在那里，结构的结构表示，负载将做什么预期是否在结构上的荷载投入位置突然或学位申请。