断层与断层作用（5）.pdf

吉林大学地球科学学院 Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University 第六章 断层与断层作用（5）第六章 断层与断层作用（5） 主讲人刘志宏主讲人刘志宏 Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University 断层概论 断层作用 逆冲推覆构造 伸展构造 走向滑动断层 断层与断层作用断层与断层作用 Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University 内容提要 走滑断层的主要特征走滑断层的主要特征 走滑断层的主要伴生构造走滑断层的主要伴生构造 剪切作用与剪切破裂剪切作用与剪切破裂 关于转换断层问题关于转换断层问题 走滑断层的形成机制走滑断层的形成机制 Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University 亚洲大地构造图 查曼 13-塔拉斯-费尔干纳走滑断层 16-喀喇昆仑走滑断层 Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University 阿尔金断裂 The Altyn Fault Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University 红河断裂 Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University 郯 庐 断 裂 Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University 圣 安德列斯断裂 San Andreas fault and related lakes Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University （一）走滑断层的主要特征 又称横断层（transcurrent 或扭断层（wrench 规模 产状陡立、线性显著 断层带窄 单列或共轭、左行与右行 位移在中间较大 伴生复杂的次级构造 走滑断层.avi Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University 1、花状构造 正花状构造正花状构造 棕榈树构造（棕榈树构造（palm tree structure），主干断层近直立插入盆 地基底 ），主干断层近直立插入盆 地基底 / 呈现上凸的逆断层组呈现上凸的逆断层组 / 夹持 部分形成隆起断块和背斜，它是压扭 性断层作用（聚合型扭动）的产物。 夹持 部分形成隆起断块和背斜，它是压扭 性断层作用（聚合型扭动）的产物。 （二）走滑断裂伴生的构造型式（二）走滑断裂伴生的构造型式 Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University 负花状构造 郁金香构造（tulip structure），主干断层同样 近直立插入盆地基底 / 上凹 的正断层组 / 夹持部分形 成下凹断块和向斜。一般 认为它代表张扭性断层作用 （离散型扭动）的产物，但 是Naylor（1986）的沙箱实 验表明，纯扭断层作用（平 行扭动）所产生的也是负花 状构造。 二、走滑断裂伴生的构造型式 Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University 花状构造实例 Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University 2、走滑断层的重叠与间隔 O W Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University 3、主断层面弯曲与走滑双重构造、主断层面弯曲与走滑双重构造 Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University 3、主断层面弯曲与走滑双重构造 Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University 3、主断层面弯曲与走滑双重构造 Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University 4、拉分盆地 拉分盆地（拉分盆地（pull- apart一词最早 是由 一词最早 是由Burchfield Stewart 1966 在研究加 州死谷形成机制 首先提出的。 在研究加 州死谷形成机制 首先提出的。 Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University 拉分盆地类型 S型 Z型 Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University 拉分盆地的演化 拉分盆地.avi Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University 拉分盆地的地质特点 发育快、沉降快、相变快、厚度大 – 陆缘陆相→海相；或海相→湖相→河流相 – 陆内拉分盆地全为陆相 大型拉分盆地，长期生长，地壳相对薄，有火山 活动和侵入岩侵入，热流较高 快速沉积埋藏提供良好生油层，走滑形成的雁列 褶皱形成良好的储油构造 常发生地震 Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University 拉分盆地的地质特点 有利于油气、盐类矿床形成 – 厚的多有机物海、湖相沉积，快速沉降埋藏，高热流 －生油层 – 碎屑沉积－储油层；雁列褶皱－储油圈闭 地震伸展扭动背景中，容易诱发地震 – 土耳其安那托利亚断层； 1920年甘肃海原地震； Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University 5、走滑断层伴生的褶皱 雁列式褶皱 – 褶轴小角度交于断层 – 远离断层逐渐消失 – 产于断层一侧或二 侧，或带内 N 1 2 3 4 5 圣安德列斯断层圣安德列斯断层圣安德列斯断层圣安德列斯断层 Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University 牵引褶皱牵引褶皱 Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University （三）剪切作用与剪切破裂 Shearing and shear fractures 纯剪 纯剪应变中 变形前与应变椭 球主轴平行的直 线在变形后仍保 持其平行性。 纯剪应变中 变形前与应变椭 球主轴平行的直 线在变形后仍保 持其平行性。 Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University Liu Zhihong Collage of Earth Sciences, Jilin University 1. 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