深井厚表土复合地层综放工作面支架选型研究.pdf

分类号分类号 TDTD322322 密密 级级 公公 开开 U D CU D C 单位代码单位代码 1042410424 学学 位位 论论 文文 深井厚表土复合地层深井厚表土复合地层 综放工作面综放工作面支架选型研究支架选型研究 张张 冬冬 冬冬 申请学位级别申请学位级别硕士学位硕士学位 专业专业名名称称采矿工程采矿工程 指导教师姓名指导教师姓名 马其华马其华 职职 称称 副教授副教授 山山 东东 科科 技技 大大 学学 二零一二年六月二零一二年六月 论文论文题目题目 深井厚表土复合地层深井厚表土复合地层 综放工作面综放工作面支架选型研究支架选型研究 作者姓名作者姓名 张冬冬张冬冬 入学时间入学时间 20092009 年年 9 9 月月 专业名称专业名称 采矿工程采矿工程 研究方向研究方向 矿山压力及岩层控制矿山压力及岩层控制 指导教师指导教师 马其华马其华 职职 称称 副教授副教授 论文提交日期论文提交日期2012 年年 6 月月 日日 论文答辩日期论文答辩日期2012 年年 6 月月 日日 授予学位日期授予学位日期 SUPPORTER SELECTION OF FULLY MECHANIZED CAVING FACE UNDER DEEP WELL AND THICK TOPSOIL COMPLEX GROUND A Dissertation ted in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY from Shandong University of Science and Technology by Supervisor Associate Professor Ma Qihua College of Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering June 2012 声声 明明 本人呈交给山东科技大学的这篇硕士学位论文，除了所列参考文献和世界 所公认的文献外，全部是本人在导师指导下的研究成果。该论文资料尚没有呈 交于其它任何学术机关作鉴定。 硕士生签名 日 期 AFFIRMATION I declare that this dissertation, ted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Master of Philosophy in Shandong University of Science and Technology, is wholly my own work unless referenced of acknowledge. The document has not been ted for qualification at any other academic institute. Signature Date 山东科技大学硕士学位论文 摘要 摘摘 要要 厚煤层及特厚煤层在国家煤炭储量占 40以上，而厚煤层及特厚煤层在开采过程当 中一般采用放顶煤采煤方法，由于综采放顶煤采煤法一次开采厚度大，直接顶冒落带高 度也相应加大，可能导致不同的基本顶下沉运动，从而导致工作面出现支架被压死等现 象，与一般采场矿压显现相比较为“异常” ，本文结合龙固煤矿 1301 首采面实际地质条 件及现场矿压在线监测，研究了综放工作面覆岩结构，并对综放工作面液压支架选型进 行了研究。 首先，应用数值模拟分析及矿压在线监测技术，运用关键层理论、传递岩梁理论以 及关键层失稳机理，对 1301 综放工作面覆岩结构及稳定性进行了研究。经判定，1301 综放工作面含 C6、C9 两个关键层，它们的运动形式将对工作面顶板运动起到决定性影 响， 因此， 综放工作面覆岩结构及稳定性的研究为综放工作面顶板控制提供了指导价值、 为后续工作面的开采提供了借鉴意义。 然后，针对龙固矿井复杂的地质条件和 1301 工作面压架事故原因分析，根据 1301 综放工作面支架围岩关系，运用岩块平衡法、基本顶分类方法、岩梁位态方程法结合 现场矿压在线监测，合理的确定了深井厚表土综放工作面液压支架的支护阻力，认为支 架的最大支护阻力不应低于 14000kN，因此在后续 1302、2301 工作面选用了新型的 ZF15000/20/38 型放顶煤支架进行顶板维护，取得了很好的支护效果。 最后，结合综放工作面复合关键层结构形式，根据矿压理论指导，研究并提出了综 放工作面在复合关键层破断顶板来压时的安全技术措施，并在此基础上研究了液压支架 “瞬时冲击载荷”的成因，为综放工作面支架液压系统保护技术的开发提供了依据。 关键词关键词深井，综放工作面，复合关键层，支架选型，覆岩结构 山东科技大学硕士学位论文 ABSTRACT ABSTRACT Thick seams and extra-thick coal seam at the national coal reserves account for more than 40, while the thick coal seam and thick coal seam during the mining process commonly used coal caving mining , the fully mechanized sublevel caving mining is a mining thickness immediate roof caving height with a corresponding increase, may lead to different basic roof sinking motion, leading to face the stent was crushed to death, and general stope strata behavior compared to the more “abnormal“, In this paper, the actual geological conditions of the 1301 Longgu coal mining face and live rock pressure line monitoring， studied overburden structure，and the hydraulic support in fully mechanized caving face. First, application of numerical simulation analysis and strata-line monitoring technology, the use of critical layer theory, transmission rock theory and the critical layer instability mechanism, studied overburden structure and the stability of fully mechanized caving face. It was concluded that 1301 fully mechanized caving face containing the C6, C9, two critical layers, their motion played a decisive impact on face roof movement.Therefore, the study of overburden structure and the stability of fully mechanized caving face provides guidance value for the roof control of fully mechanized caving face,provide a reference for the exploitation of follow-up face. Then, for Longgu mine complex geological conditions and the analysis of support break-offs in 1301 face,according to the 1301 fully mechanized caving face bracket - wall rock relations, use of the rock mass balance , the classification of basic roof and equation of rock beam position states law,according to the field of underground pressure line monitoring,reasonable determined the support resistance of hydraulic support in deep well and thick topsoil fully mechanized caving face.That the support resistance should not be less than 1400kN,therefore, in the follow-up 1302,2301 face selected the new ZF15000/20/38 type sublevel caving hydraulic support for Roof Maintenance,achieved very good supporting effect. Finally, combination of fully mechanized caving face complex critical layer structure,According to the rock pressure theory to guide,studied and proposed the safety technical measures of composite key layer breaking roof pressure in fully mechanized caving face,on this basis,studied the causes of hydraulic support “impact loading“,provides a basis for the development of hydraulic system protection technology in fully mechanized caving face. Keywordsdeep well，fully mechanized caving face，composite key stratum，support selection，overburden structure 山东科技大学硕士学位论文 目录 目 录 1 绪论绪论 ...............................................................................................................1 1.1 课题的提出及研究意义 ........................................................................................... 1 1.2 国内外研究现状 ....................................................................................................... 2 1.3 主要研究内容及技术路线 ....................................................................................... 7 2 综放工作面概况及其冲击倾向性研究综放工作面概况及其冲击倾向性研究 .................................................... 10 2.1 综放工作面概况 ..................................................................................................... 10 2.2 工作面冲击倾向性研究 ......................................................................................... 15 2.3 本章小结 ................................................................................................................. 18 3 厚表土综放工作面覆岩运动规律及矿压观测研厚表土综放工作面覆岩运动规律及矿压观测研究究 ................................ 20 3.1 综放工作面覆岩运动数值模拟研究 ..................................................................... 20 3.2 综放工作面矿压显现规律及特点研究 ................................................................. 25 3.3 本章小结 ................................................................................................................. 29 4 综放工作面上覆岩层结构及其稳定性综放工作面上覆岩层结构及其稳定性研究研究 ............................................ 30 4.1 基本顶岩梁运动的发展过程 ................................................................................. 30 4.2 直接顶厚度的确定 ................................................................................................. 36 4.3 上覆关键层位置的判别 ......................................................................................... 40 4.4 关键层稳定性分析 ................................................................................................. 46 4.5 本章小结 ................................................................................................................. 50 5 综放工作面液压支架选型研究综放工作面液压支架选型研究 ................................................................ 51 5.1 概述 ......................................................................................................................... 51 5.2 深井厚表土特厚煤层综放工作面支架围岩关系研究 ..................................... 52 5.3 1301 工作面支架需控岩层厚度 ............................................................................ 55 5.4 1301 工作面支架选型研究 .................................................................................... 57 5.5 深井厚表土综放工作面支架“瞬时冲击载荷”成因机理 ................................. 61 山东科技大学硕士学位论文 目录 5.6 本章小结 ................................................................................................................. 64 6 主要结论主要结论 .................................................................................................... 65 致致 谢谢 ................................................................................................................. 67 参考文献参考文献 ............................................................................................................. 68 攻读硕士学位期间主要成果攻读硕士学位期间主要成果 ............................................................................. 72 山东科技大学硕士学位论文 Contents Contents 1 Introduction„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„1 1.1 Present of Research Projection and the Engineering Background of the Study„„„„„„„„1 1.2 Present Situation of Home and Abroad„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„2 1.3 Study and Technical Route„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„7 2 Working Face Situation and impact tendency research„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„10 2.1 Working Face Situation„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„10 2.2 Working face impact tendency research„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„15 2.3 Brief Summary„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„18 3 Thick topsoil fully mechanized caving face Overburden stratum movement and rock pressure observationresearch„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„20 3.1 Overburden stratum movement numerical simulation study in fully mechanized caving face„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„20 3.2 Mine pressure behavior law and the characteristics research in fully mechanized caving face„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„25 3.3 Brief Summary„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„28 4 Overburden stratum structure and stability research in fully mechanized caving face„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„30 4.1 Development process of basic roof rock beam movement„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„30 4.2 Determine of immediate roof thickness„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„36 4.3 Discrimination of the overlying critical layer location„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„40 4.4 Analysis of critical layer stability„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„46 4.5 Brief Summary„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„50 5 Hydraulic support selection research in fully mechanized caving face„„„„„„50 5.1 Summary„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„50 5.2 Relation between support and surrounding rocks of deep well and thick topsoil extremely thick coal 山东科技大学硕士学位论文 Contents seam fully mechanized caving face„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„52 5.3 Needed control rock thickness of working face support„„„„„„„„„„„„55 5.4 Support selection research in 1301 working face„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„57 5.5 Genesis of the torsional impact loads of support in deep well and thick topsoil fully mechanized caving face„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„61 5.6 Brief Summary„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„64 6 The Main Conclusion„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„65 Thanks„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„67 Main Reference Documents„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„68 Main Work Achievement during Working on Master Time„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„72 山东科技大学硕士学位论文 绪论 1 1 绪论绪论 1.1 课题的提出及研究意义课题的提出及研究意义 虽然我国资源比较丰富，但是人均资源占有率很低，而且石油、天然气资源相对不 足，进入 21 世纪以来，由于发展需要，能源需求量持续增加，能源供给能力不足。相比 较石油、 天然气， 我国煤炭储量相对较为丰富[1]， 2011 年我国煤炭产量达到 35 亿 t 左右， 但是仍不能满足国家需求。在未来几十年甚至一个世纪内，煤炭还将占据我国能源生产 和消耗的首要地位；我国对煤炭生产的需求依赖性很大，但是我国煤炭资源比较分散， 其形成、赋存条件各异，煤层厚度及构成差异也很大，开采条件也体现出多样性，因而 开采难度也不同，开采工艺及采煤方法也多种多样，包括长壁采煤法、条带开采、分层 开采、放顶煤开采、一次采全厚法等采煤方法。所以，怎样在条件各异的煤层赋存条件 下，如何运用最佳的开采工艺及采煤方法，将煤炭资源安全高效的开采出来，是关系到 国计民生的重中之重。在我国煤炭资源的组成结构中，厚及特厚煤层约占总储量的 45 左右，所以，如何安全高效的开采厚及特厚煤层就显得攸关重要。 新巨龙矿井生产条件复杂，主要表现在厚表土层，高地温，强地压，大涌水，大采 深，大采高等。根据井田内的柱状图，新巨龙矿井的表土层厚度为 600700m。井下原 岩温度为 46℃，最高出水点温度为 52℃。涌水量高达 1700m3/h，底板灰岩水的原始压 力为 68MPa。根据原岩应力测试结果，新巨龙矿井最大主应力为水平应力，其值最大 为 46MPa，约为垂直应力的 1.9 倍。目前，新巨龙矿井平均采深已突破 800m，局部达到 1000m。3 煤为主采煤层，平均厚度为 9.00m，根据煤层厚度的划分方法，该煤层属于特 厚煤层。尽管目前新巨龙矿井装备了矿井集中水冷低温辐射降温系统，采用了疏水降压 技术等，一定程度改善了生产环境，但由于矿井投产较晚，正式运营时间较短，有很多 课题需要探索，如岩层运动规律、工作面采动影响范围、区段煤柱长度、采场控制、动 力灾害防治等。 与我国矿井的发展趋势相比，新巨龙矿井具备的共性特点为深部开采和特厚煤层 开采。各国关于关于深部开采的深部标准并不一致，如德国为 8001200m，俄罗斯、乌 克兰为 800m，英国、波兰为 750m，日本为 600m，而我国针对深部开采的深部标准并 无明确规定[2]。根据我国煤矿的地质条件、开采水平条件、矿井装备条件、巷道的矿压 显现特征等，一般认为采深 400m 及以下为浅部开采，采深 400800m 为中深开采，采 山东科技大学硕士学位论文 绪论 2 深 8001200 为深部开采，采深为 1200m 及以上为超深开采。按照上述标准，随着我国 煤矿开采深度以每年 812m 的速度增加， 东部矿井以 100250m/10a的速度发展， 新汶。 淮南、平顶山、徐州、开滦、沈阳、抚顺、北票、鸡西、峰峰、水城、大屯等矿区将逐 步进入深部开采阶段。如今，已有部分矿井的采深超过 1000m，如新汶孙村煤矿采深超 过 1300m，华丰煤矿采深达到 1130m，沈阳彩屯煤矿采深超过 1200m，开滦赵各庄煤矿 开采深度超过 1160m，徐州张小楼煤矿采深超过 1100m，等等。可以预计，到 2020 年， 我国国有重点煤矿平均采深将突破 1200m。 据统计截止到 1996 年，我国煤炭资源总量为 5.56 万亿吨，其中埋深在 1000m 以 下的为 2.95 万亿吨，约占煤炭资源总量的 53[3]。因此，开展深部矿压理论研究，不仅 能为深部资源开发提供可靠的理论基础，而且能为我国经济可持续发展和国家安全战略 的实施提供能源和资源保障。 为此， 国家科技部门先后对国家自然科学基金重大项目 “深 部岩体力学基础研究与应用50490270” 、国家十一五科技支撑计划项目“矿井深部开采 安全保障技术及装备开发2007BAK24B04” 、国家重点基础研究发展计划973项目“煤 炭部开采中的动力灾害机理与防治基础研究2010CB226800”进行立项。 新巨龙矿井采用综采放顶煤开采方法，随着开采范围和开采强度的不断增加，动力 灾害对安全生产的威胁日益严重，目前已经出现支架瞬间增压 12MPa 和煤炮等动力现 象，这些现象预示着矿井逐渐进入动力灾害影响阶段。目前，尚没有此类深埋巨厚冲积 层综放工作面上覆岩层结构进行深入研究，因而导致工作面顶板安全控制难度较大。基 于此，为摸清新巨龙公司综放工作面上覆岩层随工作面推进的破断规律，并提前做好相 应的顶板安全应对措施， 新汶矿业集团公司、 新巨龙矿井联合山东科技大学， 提出了 厚 表土复合地层综放工作面覆岩运动规律与支架选型设计这一课题。该课题的研究成果 用于确定支架压力来源、支架选型、超前支承压力范围等方面，具有重要的科学和实用 价值，同时对后续工作面的开采提供借鉴意义。 1.2 国内外研究现状国内外研究现状 1.2.1 矿山压力理论研究现状矿山压力理论研究现状 矿山压力理论经过近一个世纪的研究，取得了丰硕的研究成果，比较著名的研究理 论主要有 1 “压力拱“假说 山东科技大学硕士学位论文 绪论 3 最早期的矿山压力假说，由德国的 W.Hack 以及 G..Gillitzer 提出，该假说只能够大 致解释工作面顶板运动的运动规律，并没有对工作面覆岩运动特征进行详细介绍，并不 完善[4]。 2 “悬臂梁”假说 该理论也是由德国学者提出，为后来的假说和理论的发展起到了促进作用，但该假 说仍有一定局限性[5]。 3 “铰接岩块”假说 该假说由前苏联的库兹涅洛夫提出，该假说将工作面顶板分为上不垮落带和下部垮 落带，并认为工作面支架存在“给定变形” 、 “限定变形”两种变形状态，为工作面支架 的选型提供了理论基础。 4 “预成裂隙”假说 该假说将工作面分为采动影响区、应力降低区和应力增高区三部分，并且在工作面 的开采进程中，岩体存在假塑性体，并会发生离层[5760]，提出了采场“支围”关系， 但该理论仍处于定性阶段。 5 “砌体梁”假说 该假说由中国工程院院士、中国矿业大学钱鸣高教授提出，首次提出了工作面顶板 “三带”划分，并认为煤壁前方也分为三个区，提出了砌体梁结构的失稳型式分为滑落 失稳和转动失稳[6]。 6 “传递岩梁”假说 “传递岩梁”假说是由中国科学院院士、山东科技大学宋振骐教授提出的，该假说 认为工作面顶板岩梁在回采过程中始终保持力的传递，认为支架并不需要承担全部岩梁 的作用力，支架存在“给定变形” 、 “限定变形”两种形式[710]。 “给定变形“下顶板下沉量为 K Az A L C Kmh h   1 “限定变形”下的关系方程为 i A AEiziT h h KAPPP    7 “关键层”理论 山东科技大学硕士学位论文 绪论 4 该理论由缪协兴教授以及钱鸣高院士在前人研究的基础上提出的，认为工作面顶板 岩层中存在着能控制上覆岩层变形和运动的关键层位[1113]，该关键层的特征[14]及运动对 工作面顶板运动起主导作用[1517]。 8 “板结构”理论 板结构首先是由贾喜荣提出[18]，钱鸣高和朱德仁也对薄板结构[19]有一定研究，并对 基本顶岩层演化的全过程进行了动态分析[20]，得到了基本顶运动轨迹[21]。 9 “覆岩空间结构”理论 最近几年，姜福兴教授从其他角度提出了覆岩空间结构理论，该理论能够揭示冲击 地压、矿震等矿井动力灾害发生的力学机理，对回采工作面冲击危险性评价、矿井突水 预测、区段煤柱留设等具有十分重要的意义[22]。 从上述分析可以看出，压力拱假说、悬臂梁假说、铰接岩块假说、预成裂隙假说、 砌体梁假说和传递岩梁假说阐述了工作面前后应力演化特征，揭示了影响采场控制的岩 层范围，对采场支护具有重要的意义，但是这些假说在揭示冲击地压、矿震等动力灾害 发生机理方面具有一定的局限性；关键层理论、覆岩空间结构理论弥补了上述假说的不 足，研究范围从基本顶扩展到高位岩层，甚至到地表，能够解释开采沉陷、矿井动力灾 害等现象，为动力灾害防治提供了理论基础。 1.2.2 综放工作面综放工作面顶板结构研究现状顶板结构研究现状 放煤开采有着很长得发展历程，也被称作“落式”法。综放采煤法是最近几十年才 发展起来的。20 世纪 60 年代，第一次综放开采是由法国率先研制的，随后很多欧洲、 亚洲国家也将这种采煤方法借鉴，都取得了不俗的效果，产生了极大地经济价值，并且 将该方法应用于不同的地质条件下的煤层开采[23]。在那个年代，综采放顶煤开采效率并 不是很高，年产量最大才有 100 万 t 上下，工人效率也不高，平均几十吨每工人。但是 随着法国矿产资源的逐渐开采，濒临枯竭的境地，工业不景气，1990 年综采放顶煤法在 法国逐渐消失