露天煤矿开采对典型草原土壤环境及生态系统稳定性的影响.pdf

内蒙古大学 硕士论文 学校代码10126学号31608001 分类号编号 论论文文题题目目 露天煤矿开采对典型草原土壤环境及生态露天煤矿开采对典型草原土壤环境及生态 系统稳定性的影响系统稳定性的影响 学学院生命科学学院院生命科学学院 专专业植物学业植物学 研究方向植物资源学与植物化学研究方向植物资源学与植物化学 姓姓名莫莉名莫莉 指导教师包玉英指导教师包玉英教授教授 2019 年年 6 月月 3 日日 万方数据 万方数据 内蒙古大学 硕士论文 露天煤矿开采对典型草原土壤环境及生态系统稳定性的影响 摘 要 大规模的煤炭露天开采影响了土壤结构、植被多样性及生态系统稳定性。本 研究以北电胜利煤电基地为研究对象，以矿外西线围封区与非围封区、矿外北 线、南排土场、北排土场以及裸排土场为主要研究区，通过对植物群落、土壤 因子、土壤微生物（AM 真菌等） 、生态系统健康评价及稳定性进行指标测定和 分析，阐述煤炭的露天开采对草原生态系统的影响，为矿区的生态健康评价及 生态修复提供理论和数据依据，研究结果如下 （1） 开采扰动改变了植物群落的组成及生长指标， 矿外原生样地以大针茅、 丛生隐子草为优势种；南排土场以人工种植的紫花苜蓿等为优势种；北排土场 以代表退化的蒿属植物为主；矿外原生样地的植物多样性、物种均匀度和生物 量均显著高于排土场的（p＜0.05） 。 （2）研究区土壤理化性质结果表明，开采扰动降低研究区的土壤含水量、 有效钾和全氮的含量，土壤有效钾含量随着距矿坑距离的增加，表现出显著升 高的趋势（p＜0.05） 。 （3）研究区土壤酶活性结果表明，开采扰动造成排土场内各样地的酶活性 均显著小于矿外原生样地的（p＜0.05），且脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶，随着 距矿坑距离的增加，表现出显著升高的趋势（p＜0.05） 。 （4）从研究区共分离得 AM 真菌 6 科 9 属 31 种Acaulosporaceae 科 1 属 9 种 ， Glomeraceas 科 4 属 16 种 ， Entrophpsporoceae 科 1 属 2 种 ， Claroideogomeraceae 科 1 属 2 种，Gigasporaceae 科 1 属 1 种，Diversisporaceae 万方数据 内蒙古大学 硕士论文 科 1 属 1 种。 优势种分别为 Glomus reticulatum、 G. deserticola、 G. macrocarpum、 Acaulospora sp1 和 A. gedanessis，在 N2 样地发现特有种 A. sp.5;在 S3 样地发现 特有种 G.diaphanum。 （5） 研究区内 AM 真菌多样性指数分别是 孢子密度 39.742389.273 个/20g 土样，物种丰富度 4.37610.051 种/20g 土样，香农威纳指数 0.6092.003，辛普 森指数 0.6660.985， 矿外原生样地 AM 真菌多样性指数均显著高于排土场的 （p ＜0.05） 。 （6）16SrRNA、18SrRNA 和 ITS 高通量结果显示，土壤细菌 OTU 分属 Actinobacteria、Proteobacteria、Acidobacteria、Chloroflexi、Gemmatimonadetes 等 共 计 13 个 确 定 的 门 ； 真 菌 OTU 分 属 Scomycota 、 Basidiomycota 、 Glomeromycota、Chytridiomycota、Olpidiomycota 和 Mortierellomycota 共计 6 个 确定的门； 另 AM真菌 OTU 分属 Septoglomus 、 Rhizophagus 、 Claroideoglomus 、 Glomus 和 Kamienskia 5 属。土壤微生物的多样性随露天矿开采扰动发生变化， 但变化趋势并不明显。 （7）按照 VOR 与 CVOR 综合指数健康评价体系得到结果矿外原生样地 区内有 4 个样地处于“警戒”等级，其余样地均处于“不健康”等级；南排土场样区 内 4 个样地均表现出“警戒”等级，北排土场内 2 个样地处于“警戒”等级，其余样 地均处于“不健康”等级， 排土场内处于“警戒”等级的样地数量高于矿外原生样地 区。 （8）按照多样性稳定性评价体系得到结果南排土场相对于北排土场表 现出较高的稳定性，且排土场南侧的边坡和平盘植物多样性和稳定性都较北侧 高；围封区较非围封区表现出较高的稳定性，从干扰梯度发现，随着距矿坑距 万方数据 内蒙古大学 硕士论文 离的增加，稳定性呈上升趋势；可知矿外原生样地的稳定性较排土场内高。 （9）将微生物（AM 真菌）多样性作为一个评价指标，通过相关性结果显 示 AM 真菌多样性与基况指数呈极显著正相关，与稳定性呈正相关，可作为 矿区稳定性评价的指标。 煤炭露天开采影响了草原土壤微生物多样性，随着距离开采中心距离的增 加，影响减弱。微生物多样性指标可以作为评价矿区土壤环境和生态系统稳定 性的重要指标。 关键词露天煤矿；生物多样性；生态系统稳定性；AM 真菌；土壤微生物 万方数据 内蒙古大学 硕士论文 EFFECTS OF OPEN-PIT COAL MINING ON SOIL ENVIRONMENT AND ECOSYSTEM STABILITY OF TYPICAL GRASSLAND ABSTRACT Large-scale open-pit coal mining affects soil structure, vegetation diversity and ecosystem stability. In this study, Shengli Coal and Electricity Base of North Electricity Company is taken as the research object, and the enclosed and non-enclosed areas of the west line outside the mine, the north line outside the mine, the South dumping site, the North dumping site and the bare dumping site are taken as the main research areas.And the indicators of plant community, soil factors, soil microorganisms AM fungi, etc., ecosystem health assessment and stability are determined and analyzed. This paper expounds the influence of open-pit coal mining on grassland ecosystem, and provides theoretical and data basis for ecological health assessment and ecological restoration of mining area. The research results are as follows （1）Mining disturbance changed the composition and growth index of plant community. Stipa grandis and Cleistogenes caespitosa were dominant species in the original sample plot outside the mine. The dominant species in the South dumping site are Medicago sativa planted artificially and so on. Artemisia plants which represents degraded plants are dominant in the North dumping site. The plant 万方数据 内蒙古大学 硕士论文 diversity, species evenness and biomass of the original sample plot outside the mine are significantly higher than those of the dumping site p 0.05. （2）It can be seen from the results of soil physical and chemical properties in the study area. Mining disturbance reduces soil water content, available potassium and total nitrogen content in the study area. The available potassium content in soil increased significantly with the distance from the mine p 0.05. （3）The results of soil enzyme activity in the study areaThe activities of enzymes in all kinds of dump sites caused by mining disturbance are significantly lower than those in original dumping sites outside the mine. And its urease, invertase and alkaline phosphatase showed a significant upward trend with the increase of distance from the mine p 0.05. （4）A total of 31 species of AM fungi belonging to 9 genera and 6 families is isolated from the study area Among them, 9 species belonged to one genera in Acaulosporaceae, 16 species belonged to four genus in Glomeraceas, 2 species belonged to one genus in Entrophpsporoceae, 2 species belonged to one genera in Claroideogomeraceae, 1 specie belonged to one genus in Gigasporaceae, 1 specie belongs to one genus in Diversisporaceae. The dominant species are G. reticulatum、 G. deserticola、G. macrocarpum、A. sp1 and A. gedanessis. Discovery of endemic species A. sp.5 in N2 plot; discovery of endemic species G. diaphanum in S3 plot. （5）The diversity indices of AM fungi in the study area are as follows Spore density is 39.742-389.273/20g, species richnes is 4.376-10.051/20g, Shannon-Weiner index is 0.609-2.003, Simpson index is 0.666-0.985. The diversity index of AM fungi 万方数据 内蒙古大学 硕士论文 in out-of-mine primary plots is significantly higher than that in dumping sites p 0.05. （6）Based on 18S rRNA, 16S rRNAand ITS high-throughput sequencing, the results showed that the total 13 identified phyla of soil bacteria OTU subgenus belong to Actinobacteria、Proteobacteria、Acidobacteria、Chloroflexi、Gemmatimonadetes and so on. Total 6 identified phyla of soil fungus OTU subgenus belong to Scomycota、Basidiomycota、glomeromycota、Chytridiomycota、olpidiomycota and Mortierellomycota and so on. The results showed that the OTU of soil AM fungi belong to Septoglomus、Rhizophagus、Claroideoglomus、Glomus and Kamienskia belong to 5 phylum. The diversity of soil microorganisms varies with the disturbance of open pit mining, but the trend is not obvious. （ 7 ） According to the health uation system of VOR and CVR comprehensive index, the results are as follows Four sample plots in the original sample area outside the mine are in the “warning“ level, while the rest are in the “unhealthy“ level. Four plots in the sample area of the South dump site all show “warning“ grade, two plots in the North dump site are in “warning“ grade, and the rest are in “unhealthy“ grade. The number of samples in the dump site at the “warning“ level is higher than that in the original sample area outside the mine. （8）According to the diversity-stability uation system, the results are as follows the South dumping site exhibits higher stability, and the diversity and stability of plant species on the south side of the dumping site and on the flat plate are higher than those on the North side. The enclosed area shows higher stability than the 万方数据 内蒙古大学 硕士论文 non-enclosed area. From the interference gradient, it is found that the stability increases with the increase of the interference distance. It can be seen that the stability of the original sample plot outside the mine is higher than that in the dumping site. （9）The diversity of microorganisms AM fungi is taken as an uation index, and the correlation results showed that The diversity of AM fungi is positively correlated with the baseline index and stability, which can be used as an index for uating the stability of mining areas. Coal open-pit mining affects the soil microbial diversity of grassland, and the impact decreases with the increase of distance from the mining center. Microbial diversity index can be used as an important index to uate the stability of soil environment and ecosystem in mining area. KEYWORDSOpen-pit coal mine; Bio-diversity; Ecosystem stability; AM Fungi; soil microorganism 万方数据 内蒙古大学 硕士论文 目 录 第一章 引言.................................................................................................................................................................1 1.1 研究背景.........................................................................................................................................................1 1.1.1 煤炭开采现状..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 胜利露天矿开采现状.........................................................................................................................2 1.1.3 生态系统稳定性................................................................................................................................. 3 1.1.4 VOR 与 CVOR 综合指标...................................................................................................................5 1.1.5 AM 真菌概述......................................................................................................................................5 1.2 研究目的与意义........................................................................................................................................... 7 1.3 研究内容........................................................................................................................................................7 第二章 材料与方法.....................................................................................................................................................9 2.1 研究区概况及样地选择............................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.1 地理位置............................................................................................................................................ 9 2.1.2 地形地貌............................................................................................................................................ 9 2.1.3 水文.....................................................................................................................................................9 2.1.4 气象.....................................................................................................................................................9 2.1.5 土壤与植被...................................................................................................................................... 10 2.2 技术路线.......................................................................................................................................................10 2.3 样品采集及分析......................................................................................................................................... 11 2.3.1 植物群落调查及样品采集..............................................................................................................11 2.3.2 植物群落指标测定..........................................................................................................................13 2.3.3 土壤理化性质测定..........................................................................................................................13 2.3.4 土壤可培养微生物数量..................................................................................................................13 2.3.5 土壤酶活性测定..............................................................................................................................13 2.3.6 AM 真菌包子提取分离与种类鉴定................................................................................................14 2.3.7 AM 真菌遗传多样性........................................................................................................................14 2.3.8 土壤微生物遗传多样性..................................................................................................................15 2.3.9 生态系统健康评价体系..................................................................................................................18 万方数据 内蒙古大学 硕士论文 2.3.10 多样性稳定性评价指标............................................................................................................18 2.3.11 数据统计与分析............................................................................................................................19 第三章 结果与分析.................................................................................................................................................. 20 3.1 植物群落分布特征..................................................................................................................................... 20 3.1.1 研究区植物群落概况......................................................................................................................20 3.1.2 研究区植物生长指标......................................................................................................................25 3.1.3 植物群落多样性...............................................................................................................................31 3.2 土壤理化性质............................................................................................................................................. 35 3.2.1 含水量............................................................................................................................................... 35 3.2.2 pH 值..................................................................................................................................................36 3.2.3 速效磷............................................................................................................................................... 36 3.2.4 有效钾............................................................................................................................................... 37 3.2.5 铵态氮............................................................................................................................................... 37 3.2.6 全磷....................................................................................................................................................38 3.2.7 全氮....................................................................................................................................................39 3.2.8 全碳....................................................................................................................................................40 3.3 土壤酶活性................................................................................................................................................. 44 3.3.1 脲酶活性........................................................................................................................................... 44 3.3.2 蔗糖酶活性....................................................................................................................................... 44 3.3.3 过氧化氢酶活性...............................................................................................................................46 3.3.4 酸性磷酸酶活性.............................................................................................................