小型煤矿开采引发环境问题现状分析及防治——以黄陵兴隆煤矿为例.pdf

专业硕士学位论文 小型煤矿开采引发环境问题现状分析及防治 以黄陵兴隆煤矿为例 王刚 导师姓名职称 钱壮志教授 昝崇信高级工程师 申请学位级别 专业硕士 学科专业名称 地质工程 论文提交日期 2017 年 3 月 15 日 论文答辩日期 2017 年 6 月 4 日 学位授予单位 长安大学 分类号P642 10710-20108321 Analysis,prevention and Governance of environmental problems in middle-small coal mines Taking Huangling Xinglong coal mine as an example. A Dissertation ted for the Degree of Master CandidateWang Gang SupervisorProf. Qian Zhuangzhi Chang’an University, Xi’an, China 摘要 由于过去矿区环境资源没有进入矿区经济系统进行分析，对矿区环境容量难以精确 量化，导致环境不断恶化，环境资源稀缺程度不断提高；矿产资源与空气、噪声、土地、 水、植被等环境要素息息相关，大规模地资源开采将直接构成对环境的威胁和破坏。因 此，资源开采与矿区环境协调的技术创新就成为了社会的必然需求。 针对上述需求，以煤炭开采为主体生产活动的煤炭企业肩负起新的矿区建设任务 “安全生产煤炭”和形成“煤炭开发与环境协调发展”的技术，实现绿色环保的生态矿区、 和谐矿区。 本文所研究的兴隆煤矿属陕西省典型小型煤矿，以该矿区环境保护及绿色矿山建设 为例，根据近年来对矿区周围自然生态环境、地质环境的监测与调研，配合矿区周围走 访、现场勘查、现场及室内试验等工作手段，结合相关研究方法，对矿区空气、噪声、 土地、水、植被等环境要素进行基础评价，尝试优化各项环境因子的评价指标及方法， 试图量化矿区内部分环境因子容量并按量化标准修正矿区开发利用方案。主要获得了以 下几个方面的认识 （1）相比较而言，像兴隆煤矿这样的中小型煤矿企业，其煤炭生产过程中，对空 气、 声质量的影响细微。 其中矸石堆能够发生扬尘的机会是有限的， 通过向矸石堆洒水， 提高煤矸石的含水率及绿化，矸石扬尘对周围环境影响不大；而通过对声污染设备进行 消声、 隔声处理， 同时经距离衰减使矿区各边界噪声均能达标， 对周围环境影响也很小。 （2）在矸石利用方面，兴隆煤矿因地制宜，该矿掘进矸石和选煤矸石通过制砖、 发电或充填塌陷区。矸石利用率 100，并且现有排矸场的矸石也能得到有效利用，最 终实现消除矸石。 （3）兴隆煤矿引入的污水排放与井下水处理工艺较为简单，技术含量较低，只能 满足现行绿色煤矿建设的基本指标标准，本研究建议针对兴隆矿井井下排水以除油、过 滤、沉淀设计预处理，深度处理针对矿井水引入机械过滤、活性炭过滤、精密过滤、反 渗透及消毒处理等工艺；同时建议使用井下水处理就地回用技术，结合除铁除锰装置。 （4）地面塌陷应设长期观测点，应根据预测地表变形值、实际观测结果采取不同 的处理方式。地表沉陷受灾较重区域，可将煤矸石进行回填塌陷区后覆土，逐步恢复其 生态特性，这样既减少了矸石对环境的影响，又使塌陷区得以整治。同时在做好地面变 形监测的前提下，发现地面塌陷及时回填并恢复植被。 （5）绿色兴隆煤矿建设应按国家级绿色矿山基本条件九条，着重从节能减排、 矿区生态建设、矿区企业文化建设三个方面，努力做到开源节流，合理开发，突出重点， 优化布局，依靠科技，完善机制。 关键词黄陵兴隆煤矿，矿井水处理，矸石利用，环境防治 Abstract In the past, the environmental resources did not enter the economic system of mining area,it’s difficult to quantify the environmental capacity so that the environment is deteriorating and the environmental resources is more and more scarce;Mineral resources are closely related to environmental factors such as air, noise, land, water, vegetation etc.Large scale exploitation of resources will pose a direct threat to the environment.Therefore, the technical innovation of resource exploitation and mine environment coordination has become the inevitable demand of the society. According to the above requirements, the coal enterprises which take the coal mining as the main production activity take on the new mining area construction task“Safety in coal production“and ation of “Coordinated development of coal development and environment“.Become green ecological mining area and harmonious mining area. This is the a typical small coal mine in Shaanxi , taking the environmental protection and green mine construction of Xinglong coal mine as an example, basing on the monitoring and investigation of natural ecological environment and geological environment around the mining area in recent years,through the way such as site visits,site investigation,field test and laboratory test,combined with related research s,make basic uating of the environmental factors such as air, noise, land, water and vegetation,try to optimize the uation indicators and s of environmental factors,try to quantify the capacity of some environmental factors in the mining area and to revise the development and utilization plan of the mining area according to the quantitative standards.The main results are as follows 1In small and medium sized coal mines like Xinglong coal mine,theair and sound pollution in coal production process is small.The pollution capacity of the waste rock is small.By watering to the waste rock, increasing the rate of water content of the waste rock and green space, the waste rock has little effect on the surrounding air environment.Take noise silence for the noise source toeliminate influences. 2For utilization of waste rock, the waste rock are designed to make bricks, generate electricity or fill the subsided area. The utilization rate of the waste rock is 100. 3The technology of wastewater discharge and water treatment is relatively simple, and the technical content is low, which can only meet the basic standards of green coal mine construction.It should be designed to remove the oil, filter and precipitate in deep mine shaft, and to introduce the technology of mechanical filtration, activated carbon filtration, fine filtration, reverse osmosis and disinfection. Well as using the water treatment technology locally, and combined with iron and manganese removal device. 4Long term observation points should be set up in the ground collapse, and different treatment s should be adopted according to the predicted surface deation value and actual observation results.In the area of the earths surface subsidence, the waste rock can be backfilled and collapsed, and the ecology can be gradually restored, which can not only reduce the influence of the waste rock on the environment, but also manage the subsidence area. By the ground deation monitoring,we can found and backfill the ground collapse timely,then restore the vegetation. 5By the “basic conditions ofnational green mining“, mainly from the three aspects of energy-saving and emission-reduction,ecological construction and enterprise culture construction.We need rational exploitation, optimization layout, development of science and technology, perfect mechanism. Key wordsXinglong coal mine Mine water treatment Gangue utilization Environmental control 目录 摘要 ................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 第一章绪论 ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 研究背景与意义............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 研究背景................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1.2 研究意义................................................................................................................................ 2 1.2 国内外研究现状............................................................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 国内煤矿环境评价指标研究现状 ......................................................................................... 3 1.2.2 国内煤炭开发利用中环境问题现状 .................................................................................... 4 1.2.3 国外煤炭开发利用中环境问题及对策现状 ........................................................................ 8 1.3 研究方法及技术路线 ..................................................................................................................... 10 1.3.1 本文研究方法 ....................................................................................................................... 10 1.3.2 技术路线与完成的工作量 ................................................................................................... 10 第二章 兴隆煤矿概况................................................................................................................................ 13 2.1 地理概况 ........................................................................................................................................ 13 2.1.1 位置及交通 .......................................................................................................................... 13 2.1.2 地形地貌............................................................................................................................... 13 2.1.3 水系 ..................................................................................................................................... 14 2.1.4 气象 ..................................................................................................................................... 14 2.1.5 地震烈度.............................................................................................................................. 14 2.2 外部条件及开发现状 ..................................................................................................................... 14 2.2.1 外部条件.............................................................................................................................. 14 2.2.2 开发现状.............................................................................................................................. 14 2.2.3 兴隆矿井主要技术指标表 .................................................................................................. 15 2.2.4 矿区现存在的主要环境问题 ............................................................................................... 17 第三章 矿区空气环境影响及防治措施 .................................................................................................... 19 3.1 矿井空气环境影响因素 ................................................................................................................. 19 3.1.1 矿井燃煤烟尘状况 .............................................................................................................. 19 3.1.2 矿井粉尘状况 ...................................................................................................................... 19 3.2 矿井空气污染防治 ......................................................................................................................... 19 3.2.1 矿井燃煤烟尘防治 .............................................................................................................. 19 3.2.2 矿井粉尘防治 ...................................................................................................................... 19 3.3 矿井空气环境质量影响 ................................................................................................................. 20 第四章 矿区声环境影响及防治措施 ........................................................................................................ 21 4.1 矿井噪声来源................................................................................................................................. 21 4.2 矿井噪声防治措施 ......................................................................................................................... 21 4.2.1 通风机与矿井空压机噪声控制 .......................................................................................... 21 4.2.2 矿井泵类噪声控制 .............................................................................................................. 21 4.2.3 提升机房噪声控制 .............................................................................................................. 21 4.2.4 锅炉房噪声控制 ................................................................................................................... 21 4.2.5 筛分车间噪声控制 .............................................................................................................. 21 4.2.6 运煤车辆控制 ...................................................................................................................... 21 4.3 矿区声环境质量影响 ..................................................................................................................... 22 第五章 矿井固体废物处理及利用 ............................................................................................................ 23 5.1 矿井矸石现状................................................................................................................................. 23 5.2 矸石综合利用................................................................................................................................. 23 5.2.1 煤矸石制砖 .......................................................................................................................... 23 5.2.2 用于矸石电厂 ...................................................................................................................... 24 5.2.3 充填塌陷区 .......................................................................................................................... 24 5.3 矿井固体废物环境质量影响 ......................................................................................................... 25 第六章 矿区水处理及利用........................................................................................................................ 26 6.1 矿井水环境现状............................................................................................................................. 26 6.2 矿井水处理 .................................................................................................................................... 26 6.2.1 矿井水现用处理工艺 .......................................................................................................... 26 6.2.2 井下排水标准 ....................................................................................................................... 27 6.2.3 矿井水处理工艺设计 ........................................................................................................... 27 6.3 矿井水体环境影响 ......................................................................................................................... 28 第七章 矿井地质环境影响及防治 ............................................................................................................ 30 7.1 地面塌陷现状................................................................................................................................. 30 7.2 地面塌陷预测及防治 ..................................................................................................................... 30 7.2.1 矿区地面塌陷预测 .............................................................................................................. 30 7.2.2 地面塌陷防治措施 .............................................................................................................. 31 7.3 地面塌陷的影响............................................................................................................................. 31 结论与展望 ................................................................................................................................................... 32 1 结论 ................................................................................................................................................... 32 2 展望绿色煤矿建设 .................................................................................................................... 33 参考文献 ....................................................................................................................................................... 34 攻读学位期间所取得的研究成果 ................................................................................................................ 37 致谢 ............................................................................................................................................................... 38 长安大学硕士学位论文 1 第一章绪论 1.1 研究背景与意义 1.1.1 研究背景