露天煤矿复合煤层选采理论与方法研究.pdf

博士学位论文 露天煤矿复合煤层选采理论与方法研究 Theory And s of Selected Mining Multiple Coal Seam in Open Pit 作 者丁立明 导 师才庆祥教授 中国矿业大学 二○一二年五月 学位论文使用授权声明学位论文使用授权声明 本人完全了解中国矿业大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意本人所撰 写的学位论文的使用授权按照学校的管理规定处理 作为申请学位的条件之一， 学位论文著作权拥有者须授权所在学校拥有学位 论文的部分使用权，即①学校档案馆和图书馆有权保留学位论文的纸质版和电 子版，可以使用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编学位论文；②为教学和 科研目的，学校档案馆和图书馆可以将公开的学位论文作为资料在档案馆、图书 馆等场所或在校园网上供校内师生阅读、浏览。另外，根据有关法规，同意中国 国家图书馆保存研究生学位论文。 （保密的学位论文在解密后适用本授权书） 。 作者签名 导师签名 年 月 日 年 月 日 中图分类号 学校代码 10290 UDC 密 级 公开 中国矿业大学 博士学位论文 露天煤矿复合煤层选采理论与方法研究 Theory And of Selected Mining Multiple Coal Seam in Open Pit 作 者 丁立明 导 师 才庆祥 申请学位 工学博士 培养单位 矿业工程学院 学科专业 采矿工程 研究方向 露天采矿 答辩委员会主席 评 阅 人 二○一二年五月 论文审阅认定书论文审阅认定书 研究生 丁立明 在规定的学习年限内， 按照研究生培养方案的 要求，完成了研究生课程的学习，成绩合格；在我的指导下完成本学 位论文,经审阅，论文中的观点、数据、表述和结构为我所认同，论 文撰写格式符合学校的相关规定， 同意将本论文作为学位申请论文送 专家评审。 导师签字 年 月 日 致谢致谢 在论文的研究和编写过程中， 自始至终都得到了导师才庆祥教授的悉心指导 和亲切关怀。从论文的选题、研究思路、理论分析直到论文的成稿，无不浸透着 导师的心血。导师渊博的知识、严谨求实的治学态度、谦虚谨慎的高贵品质以及 忘我的专业奉献精神和对科学的执著追求深深的感染了作者， 这将对作者以后的 学习和工作产生深远的影响。值此论文完成之际，特向导师才庆祥教授表示衷心 的感谢和崇高的敬意 作者在完成论文期间， 得到了中国矿业大学露天开采与边坡工程研究所各位 老师的热情帮助和大力支持，在此向李克民教授、尚涛教授、舒继森教授、姬长 生教授、车兆学教授、彭洪阁讲师、周伟讲师和陈树召讲师表示衷心的感谢 在论文的编写过程中得到了王博文硕士、刘福明硕士和肖国强硕士等的帮 助， 在博士研究生学习期间， 中国矿业大学矿业工程学院和研究生院的有关领导、 老师给予了作者无微不至的关怀和指导，在此一并致以诚挚的谢意 感谢在参考文献中列出的以及没有列出的所有给予我启发的研究成果的作 者 在攻读博士学位和工作期间，得到了家人的理解、支持和鼓励，在此致以深 深的谢意 感谢在百忙中抽出时间悉心评阅本论文和参与答辩的各位专家 丁立明 2012 年 4 月 27 日 I 摘摘 要要 论文从我国露天煤矿复合煤层选采的需要出发，综合运用露天采矿学原理、 采矿系统工程、技术经济学和计算机技术等方法，通过调查研究、理论分析和现 场工程实践，从选采工艺、开采程序、开采参数和爆破方法等方面对选采的影响 因素和提高选采的技术展开深入研究。 论文在分析我国露天煤炭资源赋存状况和特点的基础上， 将露天矿选采分为 薄煤层选采、厚夹矸层选采、薄夹矸层选采和煤岩互层选采四种基本类型，分析 了影响选采必要性与可行性的因素和复合煤层选采效益的构成， 提出了选采效果 评价指标。 论文分析了单斗卡车工艺、 轮斗连续工艺和露天采矿机工艺等我国露天煤 矿典型生产工艺的选采方式和选采效果， 提出了复合煤层选采的工艺与设备选择 原则和选采厚度确定方法，建立了复合煤层选采决策模型。根据层状矿床开采特 点， 本文通过单台阶开采模型分析了露天煤矿典型推进方式对煤层开采过程中混 矸率和损失率等选采指标的影响， 以露天矿效益最大化为目标建立了台阶内最小 煤层开采厚度优化模型， 研究认为开采程序对选采指标和资源开发的经济效益影 响很大。 以最大回采煤量和最小混矸量为双重目标函数， 应用图论方法优化复合煤层 的选采分层组合， 通过几何建模和数学建模， 导出选采效果指标损失率、 贫化率、 最小选采厚度、矸石最小剔除厚度与台阶高度和采掘带宽度的函数关系，提出了 通过工作面参数优化选采效果的途径。 从露天矿松动爆破方法和爆破参数优化的 角度， 对选采条件进行了分类并提出了针对性的爆破方法，分析了压碴爆破提高 选采效果的可行性，提出了煤岩分爆分采、煤岩混爆分采、煤岩混爆混采三种条 件下提高煤炭回收率、降低贫化率的钻孔方式和装药结构优化设计方法。 论文通过几个露天矿的实例对研究结果的实用性进行了验证， 研究成果对于 丰富我国复合煤层选采理论与技术和建设大型高效低碳露天煤矿具有积极意义。 关键词关键词露天煤矿；复合煤层；选采；露天采矿机；损失率 II Abstract The thesis is based on the needs of compound seems selective mining of in domestic open pit coal mines, the studied s involve basic theories of surface mining, mining system engineering theories ,computer technology and economic uation, and so on. Based on field investigations, case study and theoretical analysis; the influence factors of selective mining and the ways to improve the selective mining efficiency were studied in this thesis. There are four aspects can improve selective mining efficiency including selective mining technology, mining procedure, mining parameters and blasting . Based on the coal resources deposit occurrence and characteristics of our country open pit mines, the selective mining is divided into four types, including thin seems selective mining , thick parting layer seems selective mining, thin parting layer seems selective mining and coal and rock mixed layer. The thesis analysis of the factors affecting the need and feasibility for selective mining, and effective composition of compound seems selective mining, proposed evolution of selective mining result. The paper analyzes the typical production technology of Chinas open pits for the selective mining and the effects of selected mining, involved single Bucket-truck system, and Bucket wheel excavator continuous mining technology, and surface miner mining technology. Proposed compound seems selective mining technology and equipment selection principles and the thickness of the selected mining . Established compound seems selective mining decision model. According to the layer deposits mining characteristics, through the single-bench mining model, the thesis analysis of the typical ways to advance during the mining in open pit on the impact of the selective mining index such as refuse rate and loss rate. To maximize the benefits of open pits, the thesis established the minimum coal seam thickness optimization model within bench; the results show that the mining produce has influence on the benefits of resources development and selective mining index. On the target of the maximum recovery coal reserves and the minimum refuse coal reserves, Using graph theory s to optimize compound seams selective layered combinations, by the way of geometric modeling and mathematical modeling, the thesis obtained the relations between the selective mining perance index such as loss rate, dilution rate, the minimum thickness of the selective mining, the gangue minimum removed thickness III of coal and the bench height, cut width. Proposed ways to working face parameters to optimize the effect of selective mining From the perspective of of loose blasting in open pit and optimization of blasting parameters ， this paper makes classification of conditions of selected mining and put forward pertinent blasting . The feasibility of using tight blasting to improve effects of Selected mining is analyzed; drilling of improving recovery rate and reducing loss rate and optimum structural design of charge are put forward in conditions of separate blasting and mining of rock and ore, mixed blasting and separate mining of rock and ore and mixed blasting and mining of rock and ore. The practicability of the study result is verified with several open pit examples in this paper. This study result has positive significance in enriching our country’s theory and technology of compound seam and building open pit with large-scale, efficient and low-carbon. There are 36 figures, 21 tables and 150 references in the thesis. Keywords surface coal mine; compound seems; selective mining; surface miner; loss IV Extended Abstract The doctoral dissertation comes from the national “Eleventh Five-Year“ technology supported projects subject “ key technology of high efficient mining of large open-pit coal mine.“ Ore dilution and loss are inevitable during opencast mining, improving the effect of coal mining, reducing dilution loss not only has significant economic benefits to the open-pit mine, but also reducing the social costs of mineral products consumption and environmental costs, the study theory and of selective mining for open-pit coal mine compound seam is of great significance. Papers on the quality of open-pit coal mining technology, composite coal seam coal mining process, carried out a study on blasting , analysis of the mining procedures, mining parameters on the effect of selective mining and composite seam mining benefits selective. 1On the basis of the analysis of Chinas open-pit coal resources hosting condition and characteristics the open-pit coal mine mining is divided into four basic types, thin Seam coal mining, thick tonstein layer selective, and thin parting layer selective alternating layers of coal mining and coal mining, analysis the effect factors of necessity and feasibility of coal mining from resource endowments, mining technology, production, and coal prices, act. 2On the basis of research on coal prices and heat from coal, analysis the economic benefits of selective mining for composite seam from recoverable reserves, consumption of coal quality, cost reduction and reduction of environmental pollution and raise selective recovery effect uation of core indicators in mining process of improving coal quality management and technical measures of coal loss and dilution rates. 3 According to the application of open - pit coal mine in Chinas typical production processes, analysis of the effect of mining technology for coal mining and coal mining, made a composite coal seam of coal mining technology and equipment selection principle and for determining thickness of coal mining. Studies suggest that, Large mechanical mining track of single bucket excavator single, selective mining ineffective; Bucket wheel excavator for selective mining effect better than the mechanical type of single bucket excavator, easy to implement separate mining, but working with belt conveyor transport is not easy to achieve material transport ; The dragline apply to a specific resource conditions can improve efficiency, V in cooperation with the auxiliary equipment to peel the thick parting layer; the excavating curves of hydraulic excavator and front-end loader are more flexible compared with mechanical single bucket excavator, so its selective mining is more better, especially when the small hydraulic excavators selective mine thin seams; when The coal seam dip is small, surface miner can mine along the mining of coal-rock interface to cm-level accuracy. 4In the paper, decision-making model is established for Composite coal seam selected mining. Features and applicable conditions of single bucket excavator-truck technology and surface miner technology is focus on analyzed. The results show that it can meet the needs of composite coal seams elected mining. However, our application experiences show that the technology has low efficiency, high production costs. So the Select order of the open pit composite seam selected mining technology is raw coal main mining technology--auxiliary equipment main mining technology--hydraulic excavator - truck technology--bulldozer-front-end loader-truck technology--surface miner technology. According to the Characteristics of various mining technology systems, the paper gives the principles of deciding the open pit composite seam Selected mining thickness. 5 The impact of mining procedure on the effects of selected mining. is analyzed. According to the mining characteristics of the layered deposits, the pull ditch and advance way of open pit coal mine have three typical types advancing from floor to the roof, advancing from roof to the floor and on-strike advance. And the affection of the advancing way on the selected mining index such as the mixed with the gangue rate and loss rate in the coal seam mining process is obtained by the way of analyzing on the single-bench mining model. It is pointed out that the indicator of advancing direction to selected mining index step is the relationship between slope angle and seam dip. The minimum coal seam thickness optimization model is established for the target of open pit‘s maximum benefits. The results show that mining program has a great impact on the selected mining index and benefits of resource development. So it should be aimed as an important factor of the selection of open pit pull ditch location and mining procedure. 6 On the target of the maximum recovery coal reserves and the minimum refuse coal reserves, Using graph theory s to optimize compound seams selective layered combinations, by the way of geometric modeling and mathematical modeling, the thesis obtained the relations between the selective mining perance VI index such as loss rate, dilution rate, the minimum thickness of the selective mining, the gangue minimum removed thickness of coal and the bench height, cut width. Proposed ways to working face parameters to optimize the effect of selected mining. 7 From the perspective of of loose blasting in open pit and optimization of blasting parameters ， this paper makes classification of conditions of selected mining and put forward pertinent blasting . The feasibility of using tight blasting to improve effects of Selected mining is analyzed; drilling of improving recovery rate and reducing loss rate and optimum structural design of charge are put forward in conditions of separate blasting and mining of rock and ore, mixed blasting and separate mining of rock and ore and mixed blasting and mining of rock and ore. The practicability of the study result is verified with several open pit examples in this paper. This study has positive significance in enriching our country’s theory and technology of compound seam and building open pit with large-scale, efficient and low-carbon. Keywords surface coal mine; compound seems; selective mining; surface VII 目目 录录 摘摘 要要 ....................................................................................................................... I 目目 录录 ...................................................................................................................VII 图清单图清单 .................................................................................................................... XI 表清单表清单 ................................................................................................................. XIV 变量注释表变量注释表 ........................................................................................................... XV 1 绪论绪论 ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 选题意义 ........................................................ 1 1.2 国内外研究现状 .................................................. 2 1.3 研究目标、方法与内容 ............................................ 5 1.4 预计创新点 ...................................................... 7 1.5 本章小结 ........................................................ 8 2 露天煤矿煤层选采经济露天煤矿煤层选采经济性评价及煤质提升技术性评价及煤质提升技术 .................................................. 9 2.1 我国露天煤矿赋存特征 ............................................ 9 2.2 复合煤层选采类型 ............................................... 10 2.3 露天煤矿选采经济性分析 ......................................... 14 2.4 影响选采的因素分析 ............................................. 19 2.5 煤质提升管理技术 ............................................... 21 2.6 露天煤矿选采效果评价指标 ....................................... 26 2.7 本章小结 ....................................................... 26 3 露天矿复合煤层选采工艺露天矿复合煤层选采工艺 .................................................................................. 28 3.1 复合煤层选采原则 ............................................... 28 3.2 单斗卡车工艺选采 ............................................. 29 3.3 轮斗工艺选采 ................................................... 33 3.4 拉斗铲工艺选采 ................................................. 35 3.5 露天采矿机工艺 ................................................. 38 3.6 复合煤层选采决策模型 ........................................... 49 3.7 实例研究 ....................................................... 52 3.8 本章小结....................................................... 59 4 开采程序对选采的影响开采程序对选采的影响 ...................................