高等油层工程.ppt

高等油層工程AdvancedReservoirEngineering,開課班級碩博士班2007年秋季講授教師林再興,目的,講授石油及天然氣流體性質，以及生產石油及天然氣所導致的油層壓力變化原理。討論壓力測試分析井壓測試分析，以及生產資料分析生產遞減曲線分析。求得地層參數/預測未來產生產率/計算地層的石油或天然的儲量及蘊藏量。,Textbooksandreferences,ADake,L.P.,FundamentalsofReservoirEngineering,revisededition,ElsevierScientificB.V.,Amsterdam,theNetherlands,2001.BAhmed,T.,andMcKinney,P.,AdvancedReservoirEngineering,GulfPublishingCompany,Houston,Texas,2004BCraft,B.C.,andHawkins,M.F.,RevisedbyTerry,R.E.,AppliedPetroleumReservoirEngineering,Secondedition.,PrenticeHall,EnglewoodCliffs,NewJersey,1991.,Textbooksandreferences,CLee,J.,WellTesting,SPETextbookseries,SocietyofPetroleumEngineersofAIME,Dallas,Texas,2002.D林國安等人，石油探採第四冊–油氣生產,Chapter24，中國石油股份有限公司訓練教材叢書，中油訓練所，嘉義市，2004.EJournalpapers,5,AdvancedReservoirEngineeringbyAhmed,T.,andMcKinney,P,WelltestinganalysisWaterinfluxUnconventionalgasreservoirPeranceofoilreservoirPredictingoilreservoirIntroductiontooilfieldeconomics,大網,Introductiontoreservoirengineering-Gasreservoir-PVTanalysisforoil-MaterialbalanceappliedtooilTheflowequationsofsingle-phaseandtwo-phaseflowofhydrocarboninporousmedia-Darcy’slawandapplications-ThebasicdifferentialequationinaporousmediumSolutionstotheflowequationsofhydrocarboninporousmedia-Steadyandsemi-steadystates-UnsteadystatePressuredrawdownandbuildupanalysisforoilandgaswellsDeclinecurveanalysisCasestudy,Part1IntroductiontoReservoirEngineering,Theprimaryfunctionsofareservoirengineertheestimationofhydrocarboninplacethecalculationofarecoveryfactor,andtheattachmentofatimescaletotherecoveryNotepressure/flowrateination→parameters/futureflowrate/futurepressure,OutlinesofReservoirEngineering,1IntroductionPetrophysicalpropertiesRockpropertiesFluidpropertiesgas,water,crudepropertiesCalculationsofhydrocarbonvolumesFluidpressureregimes2GasreservoirsCalculatinggasinplacebythevolumetricCalculatinggasrecoveryfactorMaterialbalancecalculationDepletiongeneraltheoryofwelltestingTheMatthews,Brons,HazebroekpressurebuilduptheoryPressurebuildupanalysistechniquesMulti-ratedrawdowntestingTheeffectsofpartialwellcompletionAfter-flowanalysis,OutlinesofReservoirEngineering–cont.,9Gaswelltesting-Linearizationandsolutionofthebasicdifferentialequationfortheradialflowofarealgas-TheRussell,Goodrich,etal.Solutiontechnique-TheAl-Hussainy,Ramey,Crawfordsolutiontechnique-Pressuresquaredandpseudopressuresolutiontechnique-Non-DarcyflowTreservoirtemperature;VVpVnzRTpVz14.7V0ByvaryingpandmeasuringV,theisothermalzpfunctioncanbereadilybyobtained.,,,bThez-factorcorrelationofstandingandkatz,RequirementKnowledgeofgascompositionorgasgravityNaturallyoccurringhydrocarbonsprimarilyparaffinseriesCnH2n2Non-hydrocarbonimpuritiesCO2,N2andH2Gasreservoirlightermembersoftheparaffinseries,C1andC290ofthevolume.,TheStanding-KatzCorrelation,knowingGascompositionniCriticalpressurePciCriticaltemperatureTciofeachcomponentTable1.1andP.16PseudocriticalpressurePpcPseudocriticaltemperatureTpcforthemixturePseudoreducedpressurePprPseudoreducedtemperatureTprFig.1.6;p.17z-factor,,,,,b’Thez-factorcorrelationofstandingandkatz,Forthegascompositionisnotavailableandthegasgravityair1isavailable.Thegasgravityair1fig.1.7,p18PseudocriticalpressurePpcPseudocriticaltemperatureTpc,,b’Thez-factorcorrelationofstandingandkatz,PseudoreducedpressurePprPseudoreducedtemperatureTprFig1.6p.17z-factorTheaboveprocedureisvalidedonlyifimpunityCO2,N2andH2Sislessthen5volume.,,,,cDirectcalculationofz-factor,TheHall-Yarboroughequations,developedusingtheStarling-Carnahanequationofstate,arewherePprthepseudoreducedpressuret1/TprTprthepseudoreducedtemperatureythe“reduced”densitywhichcanbeobtainedasthesolutionoftheequationasfollowedThisnon-linearequationcanbeconvenientlysolvedforyusingthesimpleNewton-Raphsoniterativetechnique.,,,,cDirectcalculationofz-factor,Thestepsinvolvedinapplyingthusaremakeaninitialestimateofyk,wherekisaniterationcounterwhichinthiscaseisunity,e.q.y10.001substitutethisvalueinEq.1.21;unlessthecorrectvalueofyhasbeeninitiallyselected,Eq.1.21willhavesomesmall,non-zerovalueFk.3usingthefirstorderTaylorseriesexpansion,abetterestimateofycanbedeterminedaswhere4iterate,usingeq.1.21andeq.1.22,untilsatisfactoryconvergenceisobtained5substitutionofthecorrectvalueofyineq.1.20willgivethez-factor.5substitutionofthecorrectvalueofyineq.1.20willgivethez-factor.,,,,Applicationoftherealgasequationofstate,EquationofstateofarealgasThisisaPVTrelationshiptorelatesurfacetoreservoirvolumesofhydrocarbon.thegasexpansionfactorE,RealgasequationfornmolesofgasatstandardconditionsRealgasequationfornmolesofgasatreservoirconditionssurfacevolume/reservoirvolume[]SCF/ft3orSTB/bbl,,,,,,,,Example,ReservoirconditionP2000psia;T1800F180459.6639.60R;z0.865surfacevolume/reservoirorSCF/ft3orSTB/bbl,,,2Realgasdensity,wherenmoles;MmolecularweightatanypandTForgasForair,,,,,,,2Realgasdensity,Atstandardconditionszairzgas1ingeneralaIfisknown,thenor,bIfthegascompositionisknown,thenwhere,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,3Isothermalcompressibilityofarealgas,,,,,,,,,since,p.24,fig.1.9,,rcise1.1-Problem,rcise1.1Gaspressuregradientinthereservoir1Calculatethedensityofthegas,atstandardconditions,whosecompositionislistedinthetable1-1.2whatisthegaspressuregradientinthereservoirat2000psiaand1800Fz0.865,rcise1.1--solution-1,1MolecularweightofthegassinceorfromAtstandardcondition,,,,,,,,,,rcise1.1--solution-2,2gasinthereservoirconditions,,,,,,,,,,,rcise1.1--solution-3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,GasMaterialBalanceRecoveryFactor,MaterialbalanceProductionOGIPGIIP-UnproducedgasSCSCSCCase1nowaterinfluxvolumetricdepletionreservoirsCase2waterinfluxwaterdrivereservoirs,Volumetricdepletionreservoirs--1,Nowaterinfluxintothereservoirfromtheadjoiningaquifer.GasinitiallyinplaceGIIPorInitialgasinplace（IGIP）＝G＝Originalgasinplace（OGIP）[]StandardConditionVolumeMaterialBalance（atstandardconditions）Production＝GIIP－Unproducedgas（SC）（SC）（SC）WhereG/EiGIIPinreservoirvolumeorreservoirvolumefilledwithgas＝HCPV,,,Volumetricdepletionreservoirs--2,,,,,,,,,,InEq.（1.33）,HCPV≠const.because1.theconnatewaterinreservoirwillexpand2.thegrainpressureincreasesasgasorfluidpressuredeclines,,,where,,,,,,,porevol.,,,,,,GP,GP,GP,GP,,,,,,,,,,,,,p/zplot,FromEq.1.35suchasAstraightlineinp/zv.sGpplotmeansthatthereservoirisadepletiontype,,In,Yamx,,,,,,,,p/z,Abandonpressurepab,0,Gp,G,,,p/z,,Gp/GRF1.0,0,Waterdrivereservoirs,Ifthereductioninreservoirpressureleadstoanexpansionofadjacentaquiferwater,andconsequentinfluxintothereservoir,thematerialbalanceequationmustthenbemodifiedasProductionGIIP－Unproducedgas（SC）（SC）（SC）Gp＝G－（HCPV-We）EOrGp＝G－（G/Ei－We）EwhereWethecumulativeamountofwaterinfluxresultingfromthepressuredrop.AssumptionsNodifferencebetweensurfaceandreservoirvolumesofwaterinfluxNeglecttheeffectsofconnatewaterexpansionandporevolumereduction.Nowaterproduction,Waterdrivereservoirs,WithwaterproductionwhereWe*Ei/Grepresentsthefractionoftheinitialhydrocarbonporevolumefloodedbywaterandis,therefore,alwayslessthenunity.,,,Waterdrivereservoirs,since,,,,,inwaterfluxreservoirs,,Comparing,indepletiontypereservoir,Waterdrivereservoirs,Ineq.1.41thefollowingtwoparameterstobedeterminedG;WeHistorymatchingor“aquiferfitting”tofindWeAquifermodelforanaquiferwhosedimensionsareofthesameorderofmagnitudeasthereservoiritself.WhereWthetotalvolumeofwateranddependsprimaryonthegeometryoftheaquifer.ΔPthepressuredropattheoriginalreservoir–aquiferboundary,,,,,,,Waterdrivereservoirs,ThematerialbalanceinsuchacasewouldbeasshownbyplotAinfig1.11,whichisnotsignificantlydifferentfromthedepletionlineForcaseBCinfig1.11（p.30）Chapter9,,,,,,,Brunset.al,ThisistoestimateGIIPinawaterdrivereservoirFromEq.1.40suchas,,,,isplotasfunctionof,Brunset.al,Theresultshouldbeastraightline,providedthecorrectaquifermodelhasbeenselected.Theultimategasrecoverydependsbothon1thenatureoftheaquifer,and2theabandonmentpressure.Theprincipalparametersingasreservoirengineering1theGIIP2theaquifermodel3abandonmentpressure4thenumberofproducingwellsandtheirmechanicaldefine,,,,isplotasfunctionof,Hydrocarbonphasebehavior,Hydrocarbonphasebehavior,Hydrocarbonphasebehavior,,ResidualsaturationflowceasesLiquidH.CdepositedinthereservoirRetrogradeliquidCondensate,,C---------＞D--------------＞E,,Re-vaporizationoftheliquidcondensateNOBecauseH.CremaininginthereservoirincreaseCompositionofgasreservoirchangedPhaseenvelopeshiftSEdirectionThus,inhibitingre-vaporization.,E---------------＞F,Equivalentgasvolume,Thematerialbalanceequationofeq1.35suchasAssumethatavolumeofgasinthereservoirwasproducedasgasatthesurface.If,duetosurfaceseparation,smallamountsofliquidhydrocarbonareproduced,thecumulativeliquidvolumemustbeconvertedintoanequivalentgasvolumeandaddedtothecumulativegasproductiontogivethecorrectvalueofGpforuseinthematerialbalanceequation.,,Equivalentgasvolume,Ifnlbm–moleofliquidhavebeenproduced,ofmolecularweightM,thenthetotalmassofliquidiswhereγ0oilgravitywater1ρw＝densityofwater（62.43lbm/ft3）,,,,,CondensateReservoir,Thedrygasmaterialbalanceequationscanalsobeappliedtogascondensatereservoir,ifthesinglephasez-factorisreplacedbythe,so-called,twophasez-factor.Thismustbeexperimentallydeterminedinthelaboratorybyperingaconstantvolumedepletionexperiment.Volumeofgas＝Gscf,aschargetoaPVTcellP＝Pi＝initialpressure（abovedewpoint）T＝Tr＝reservoirtemperature,CondensateReservoir,pdecreasebywithdrawgasfromthecell,andmeasuregasGp’UntilthepressurehasdroppedtothedewpointThelatterexperiment,fordeterminingthesinglephasez-factor,implicitlyassumesthatavolumeofreservoirfluids,belowdewpointpressure,isproducedinitsentiretytothesurface.,,CondensateReservoir,Intheconstantvolumedepletionexperiment,however,allowanceismadeforthefactthatsomeofthefluidremainsbehindinthereservoirasliquidcondensate,thisvolumebeingalsorecordedasafunctionofpressureduringtheexperiment.Asaresult,ifagascondensatesampleisanalyzedusingbothexperimentaltechniques,thetwophasez-factordeterminedduringtheconstantvolumedepletionwillbelowerthanthesinglephasez-factor.ThisisbecausetheretrogradeliquidcondensateisnotincludedinthecumulativegasproductionGp’inequation（1.46）,whichisthereforelowerthanitwouldbeassumingthatallfluidsareproducedtothesurface,asinthesinglephaseexperiment.,,78,油層工程,蘊藏量評估體積法物質平衡法衰減曲線油層模擬壓力分析隨深度變化，或壓力梯度,例如,求氣水界面。物質平衡法井壓測試分析暫態（求k、s、re、xf、氣水界面、地層異質性）PressurebuildupPressuredrawdown水驅計算waterdrive,