矿区地表沉降的SBAS监测及沉降预测.pdf

研研 究究 生生 毕毕 业业 论论 文文 （申请硕士学位）（申请硕士学位） 论 文 题 目论 文 题 目矿区地表沉降的 SBAS 监测及沉降预测 学 位 申 请 人学 位 申 请 人张涛 专专 业业 方方 向向地图学与地理信息系统 研研 究究 方方 向向InSAR 理论研究与应用 指指 导导 教教 师师朱煜峰 副教授 2016 年年06月月20日日 Monitoring in mining area based on SBAS Technology and Settlement Prediction MajorCartography and Geographical Ination System Direction of Study Research and application of InSAR theory April 20, 2016 独创性声明独创性声明 本人声明所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工 作及取得的研究成果，尽我所知，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地 方外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含 本人为获得其它教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。 与我一同工 作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并 表示感谢。 作者签名日期年月日 关于论文使用授权的说明关于论文使用授权的说明 本学位论文作者完全了解大学有关保留、使用学位 论文的规定大学有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交 论文的复印件和磁盘，允许论文被查阅和借阅，可以将学位论文的全 部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描 等复制手段保存、汇编学位论文，并且本人电子文档的内容和纸质论 文的内容相一致。 保密的学位论文在解密后也遵守此规定。 作者签名导师签名 日期年月日 论文答辩日期论文答辩日期20162016 年年 6 6 月月 1212 日日 摘要 I 东华理工大学研究生毕业论文中文摘要首页用纸东华理工大学研究生毕业论文中文摘要首页用纸 毕业论文题目矿区地表沉降的 SBAS 监测及沉降预测 地图学与地理信息系统 专业2011级硕士生姓名 张涛 指导教师（姓名、职称）朱煜峰副教授 摘 要 煤炭一直是我国人民生活和经济发展所依赖的最主要能源， 其在我国生产和 消费结构中所占的比重一直维持在 70左右。 国家对煤炭资源的过度依赖也造成 一些不可避免的问题， 比如煤炭开采造成的地表沉降， 严重的可能引发地质灾害， 所以对矿区沉降的监测与预防一直是国家急需解决的问题， 也成了当下研究的重 点。 对于矿区的沉降监测， 我国目前采用的监测手段主要以水准测量等一些传统 技术为主， GPS 测量技术也常被使用对矿区进行监测。 这些常规技术存在一些缺 陷，效率低，受天气影响严重，花费大量的人力物力还具有一定危险性。最主要 的是传统监测手段只能获取离散点的形变量，而且监测结果单一，对研究沉降区 域的沉降机理意义不大。合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量D-InSAR技术是在合成孔 径干涉雷达技术Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar,InSAR的基础上发展起 来的一种主动式微波遥感技术，D-InSAR 技术监测精度高，覆盖区域广，具备全 天候、全天时工作能力等特点，现如今已成为空间对地观测领域研究的重点。 D-InSAR 技术的优势传统监测手段无法比拟， 但缺陷也很明显。 使用数据少只能 获得单一的沉降数据，而且受失相干问题影响严重，针对这些缺点本文采用一种 D-InSAR 技术的高级方法，小基线集（Small Baseline Set,SBAS）技术。SBAS 技术能够有效克服空间和时间失相干的影响并能获得该地区的时间沉降序列。 获 得的结果利用改进的支持向量机模型进行预测，并对下阶段沉降做出预测。 本文首先介绍了 D-InSAR 技术研究背景、意义以及国内外发展现状，接着 介绍了 D-InSAR 技术的基本原理以及实现方法。实验是论文的主题，本文以江 西省某煤矿为例，选取覆盖试验区的雷达影像进行二轨差分处理，选取不同精度 的数字高程模型Digital Elevation Model,DEM模拟地形相位,并将获得监测结果 与水准监测数据进行比较，目的是论证 D-InSAR 技术用于矿区地表沉降的可行 性，并探讨 DEM 精度对 D-InSAR 技术监测结果的影响。针对 D-InSAR 限制因 素采用 SBAS 技术， 选取 7 景覆盖试验区的雷达影像根据时间和空间基线不能过 长的原则分成若干个子集，每个子集选定固定影像作为主影像。利用二轨差分技 术得到干涉对，通过对这些干涉对进行处理得到该区域的时间沉降序列。最后选 取 612 工作面中的四个像元的累积沉降量作为训练样本， 使用粒子群优化支持向 东华理工大学硕士学位论文 II 量机模型进行拟合与预测。利用预测值制成时间监测曲线，为矿区风险评估以及 矿区开采可持续化提供理论支持。 关键词关键词 D-InSAR；沉降监测；小基线集；粒子群优化支持向量机；预测 Abstract III THESISMonitoring in mining area based on SBAS Technology and settlement prediction SPECIALIZATION Cartography and Geographical Ination System POSTGRADUATEZhang Tao MENTORZhu Yufeng Abstract Coal has been long the most important and reliable energy resource for both peoples life and the economic developmentin China,and its proportion of the productionandtheconsumingstructureinChinahasbeenmaintainedalmost 70.However, The country’sover-dependence oncoal resources also caused some inevitable problems,such as surface subsidence caused by coal mining,more seriously,it may lead to geological disasters, so the monitoring and prevention of subsidence in mining area has been always the countrys urgent problemshave to be solvedand also becomes the focus of current research at the same time. For the Subsidence monitoring in mining area,the current monitoring s used in our country are mainly based on the traditional techniques, such as theleveling, GPS measurement techniques is often used to monitor themining area. These conventional techniques have some defects,such as inefficient,severely affected by the weather,need a lot of material resources and also havea certain danger.The most important is the conventional technology can only get the deation of discrete points and the monitoring results are single,so it is of small significance to the study on the Settlement Mechanism of settlement area . D-InSARtechnologydevelopedonthebasisofsyntheticapertureradar interferometry technology Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar, InSAR in recentyearsisanactivemicrowaveremotesensingtechnology,withits high-precision, coverage wide, all-weather, all-time, and other prominent technical features, now it has become a focus of research in the field of space observation. D-InSAR technology has some advantages that traditional s could not comparae with , but its shortcomings are obvious. D-InSAR technology using less data can only obtain a single settlement data,and also influenced by thecoherent problem，according to these disadvantages, this paper used an advanced s of D-InSAR technology,the baseline set small baseline set, SBAS technology. SBAS 东华理工大学硕士学位论文 IV technology can effectively overcome the influence of spatial and temporal coherence and get the time settling sequence of this region . This paper used improved support vector machine mode predict the results obtained by the SBAS technology, and forecasted the settlement of the next stage. In this paper, we firstly introduce the D-InSAR technology research background, the significance and the present situation in China and abroad,and then introduces the basic principles and implementation of D-InSAR technology. Experiment is the main body of this paper,this paper take the radar imagecovered thistest area to carry on the 2-pass differential interferometryprocessing,choose the Digital Elevation Model with different precision simulate topographic phase based on a coal mine in Jiangxi Province,and then compare the monitoring results and the leveling monitoring data,the purpose is to demonstrate the feasibility of D-InSAR technology for surface subsidence in mining area,and discusses the influenceof DEM on the accuracy of monitoring results of D-InSAR. For technical defects of D-InSAR,we used SBAS technology,selecting seven scene of radar images coverage test area,and dividing these imiges into subsets based on the principle of the time and spatial baseline can not be too long,each subset selected fixed image as the main image.Using the 2-pass differential interferometry technology toachieve the Interference pair,through these interferometric phase processeing to get the time settling sequence of this region.Finally, the cumulative settlement of four pixels in the 612 working face is selected as the training sample,and the particle swarm optimization support vector machine model is used to fit and forecast.The time monitoring curve can be made by using the predicted value, which can be used to study the temporal and spatial evolution law of the surface deation in the mining area, and to provide theory and data support for the risk assessment and the sustainable development of mining area. KeywordsD-InSAR; subsidence;monitoring; small baseline set; particle swarm optimization support vector machine; forecast 目录 V 目录目录 摘 要....................................................................................................................................................I Abstract..............................................................................................................................................III 目录.....................................................................................................................................................V 图表目录...........................................................................................................................................VII 1 绪论.................................................................................................................................................1 1.1 研究背景与意义.................................................................................................................1 1.2 国内外研究现状.................................................................................................................2 1.2.1 地表沉降研究方法................................................................................................. 2 1.2.2 D-InSAR 技术的发展..............................................................................................3 1.2.3 D-InSAR 技术在矿区沉降监测的应用研究..........................................................4 1.3 研究目的与论文结构.........................................................................................................4 1.3.1 研究目的.................................................................................................................4 1.3.2 论文结构.................................................................................................................5 2 InSAR 技术的基本理论................................................................................................................ 7 2.1 InSAR 技术基本原理..........................................................................................................7 2.1.1 InSAR 技术基本原理............................................................................................. 7 2.1.2 InSAR 对地形起伏的灵敏度..............................................................................10 2.2 D-InSAR 技术基本原理..................................................................................................10 2.2.1 D-InSAR 技术主要方法........................................................................................10 2.2.2 D-InSAR 技术地表形变监测的基本原理............................................................11 2.3 D-InSAR 形变监测精度的主要影响因素......................................................................13 2.3.1 失相干因素...........................................................................................................13 2.3.2 误差因素...............................................................................................................15 2.3.3 引入外部 DEM 精度对二轨差分的影响............................................................15 2.4 SBAS 技术基本原理....................................................................................................... 17 2.4.1 最小二乘原理...................................................................................................... 17 2.4.2 奇异值分解...........................................................................................................18 2.4.3 获取时间序列形变速率以及累积沉降量..........................................................18 2.5 本章小结...........................................................................................................................19 3 D-InSAR 技术的具体实现过程及实例数据分析.......................................................................21 3.1 实验数据与处理软件...................................................................................................... 21 3.1.1 ALOS-PALSAR 卫星数据介绍...............................................................................21 3.1.2 SRTM DEM...............................................................................................................22 3.1.3 处理软件介绍...................................................................................................... 23 3.2 D-InSAR 二轨差分技术的处理流程..............................................................................23 3.3 实例数据分析...................................................................................................................28 3.3.1 干涉对的选择...................................................................................................... 28 3.3.2 差分干涉图的生成及滤波..................................................................................31 3.3.3 相位解缠以及沉降图的生成..............................................................................32 3.5 本章小结...........................................................................................................................37 东华理工大学硕士学位论文 VI 4 SBAS 技术监测矿区地表沉降.................................................................................................... 39 4.1 研究区域概况...................................................................................................................39 4.1.1 自然地理条件...................................................................................................... 39 4.1.2 气候水文介绍...................................................................................................... 39 4.1.3 地质构造基础...................................................................................................... 40 4.2 小基线集（SBAS）技术的处理流程............................................................................40 4.2.1 数据选择...............................................................................................................40 4.2.2 数据预处理...........................................................................................................41 4.2.3 高相干点的选择................................................................................................... 43 4.2.4 时间序列沉降图的生成.......................................................................................43 4.3 结果分析...........................................................................................................................45 4.4 本章小结...........................................................................................................................50 5 基于 SBAS 技术粒子群优化支持向量机矿区沉降预测..........................................................51 5.1 采空区上覆岩体形变的基本特征...........................................................................51 5.2 粒子群优化支持向量机原理介绍..................................................................................52 5.2.1 支持向量机...........................................................................................................52 5.2.2 粒子群优化算法 [79]............................................................................................. 53 5.2.3 粒子群优化支持向量机建模步骤......................................................................54 5.3 实例分析...........................................................................................................................55 5.3.1 支持向量机（SVM）模型拟合实验...................................................................56 5.3.2 粒子群优化支持向量机（PSO-SVM）模型拟合实验........................................ 57 5.3.4 拟合精度检验...................................................................................................... 58 5.3.5 PSO-SVM 模型预测............................................................................................... 59 5.4 本章小结...........................................................................................................................64 6 结论与展望...................................................................................................................................65 6.1 结论...................................................................................................................................65 6.2 展望...................................................................................................................................65 参考文献...........................................................................................................................................67 致谢...................................................................................................................................................73 图表目录 VII 图表目录 图 2. 1 InSAR 获取 DEM 几何示意图.................................................................................... 8 图 2. 2 D-InSAR 技术原理图............................................................................................