残煤长壁综放支架适应性研究.pdf
太原理工大学硕士研究生学位论文 万方数据 太原理工大学硕士研究生学位论文 万方数据 太原理工大学硕士研究生学位论文 I 残煤长壁综放支架适应性研究 摘要 晋煤天安圣华煤业为重组整合后的单独保留矿井,现主要进行残留煤 炭资源的复采。通过现场矿压观测,发现圣华煤矿所用的四柱掩护式放顶 煤支架在工作过程中,支架前后压力分布极不均匀,前柱压力大,后柱不 受力甚至受拉的现象极其普遍,支架低头甚至后柱拔断现象也时有发生。 本文针对支架在工作过程中出现的问题,采用相似模拟、数值模拟方法分 析了工作面在过空巷过程中采场顶板破断规律;通过力学分析,得出支架 顶梁外载合力作用的合理范围;通过建立了工作面过空巷时支架-围岩理论 模型, 并通过支架-围岩作用机理分析支架失稳原因且计算出支架工作阻力; 通过对支架的选型研究,提出了圣华煤业残采工作面合理支架;通过数值 模拟研究,分析了新选出的支架对圣华煤业残采条件的适应性。 (1)通过对圣华煤矿 1301 工作面矿压观测发现,四柱掩护式液压支 架前后柱的初撑力、工作阻力频次分布均呈现前(柱)高、后(柱)低甚 至后柱受拉的特点,由于支架普遍存在的偏载现象,导致整个支架支撑效 率极低,无法有效发挥支架支护作用,支架对圣华煤矿地质条件的适应性 差。 (2)采用相似模拟、数值模拟研究发现,残采条件下支架在过空巷时, 当支架和空巷间煤柱达到极限宽度时,在老顶岩层中超前于空巷一定位置 的岩层发生断裂,形成超前大断裂并产生关键“岩块”。随着工作面的推进, “岩块”发生回转失稳与滑落失稳,这在很大程度上影响了支架的工作状态。 万方数据 太原理工大学硕士研究生学位论文 II (3)对支架受力分析,四柱掩护式液压支架顶梁外载合力作用范围是 有一定要求的,对于前后柱支撑力分别为 1 P、 2 P的液压支架,支架合力作 用范围x∈( 22 2 tan1 pe fbp , 11 1 tan1 pe fbp ) ,只有外载合力处于该范围内时, 支架前后柱均受力,支架才能处于良性工作状态。当支架外载合力不在该 范围时,较小的力也会使支架失去平衡。 (4)针对支架失稳机理,建立了支架-围岩作用理论模型,分析了支架 -围岩作用机理,得出了可能导致支架失稳的三个因素顶煤破碎和软硬程 度、放煤过程及超前大断裂产生的关键“岩块”的回转和滑落失稳。 (5)通过建立支架过空巷时的力学模型,确定了合理支架工作阻力, 结合圣华煤矿条件,确定了架型及其他参数,最终确定了圣华煤矿宜采用 ZFY10200/25/42 两柱掩护式放顶煤液压支架。 (6)通过数值模拟研究发现,ZFY10200/25/42 两柱掩护式放顶煤液压 支架能够很好的控制顶板的下沉且支架底板比压也能满足支护要求,该支 架能适应圣华煤矿地质条件。 关键词残采工作面,综放,支架适应性,相似模拟,数值模拟 万方数据 太原理工大学硕士研究生学位论文 III SUPPORTADAPTIVE RESEARCH ON THE RESIDUAL COALLONGWALLFULLY-MECHANIZED COALMINING ABSTRACT Tian Shenghua Coal Company, which subsidiary belongs to Jin Coal Group, is a separate retaining mine mainly for residual coal resources mining after reorganization and integration. Through on-site mine pressure observation, we found that in the working process of the four shield caving support in Shenghua coal mine, the pressure in the front and the rear of the support is extremely uneven, usually the pressure of the anterior column is bigger; however, the after column doesn’t bear stress and even under tension, which is an extremely common phenomenon, and the phenomenon of support bows even the tensile failure of after column also occurs occasionally. In view of the problem that arise in the working process of hydraulic support, the paper analyzes the working face in the process of a alley stope roof breaking rule through the s of the similar simulation and numerical simulation. Reasonable ranges of the outside resultant forces of the top beam are suggested through mechanics analysis. The mechanism of action is analyzed and the support working resistance is calculated through the established of the theory model of support-surroundingrock.Akindofreasonablesupportsuitfor residual coal mining of Shenghua coal work face is proposed through the 万方数据 太原理工大学硕士研究生学位论文 IV selection research of support. The paper analyzes the adaptation of the newly selected supports on Shenghua Coal through numerical simulation. 1 Through the observation of mine pressure in 1301 working face of Shenghua coal mine, we found that the setting load and working resistance frequency distribution of anterior column and posterior column of a four columns shield hydraulic support has the feature of higher in anterior column but lower even tension in posterior column. Due to the offset load phenomenon, the support efficiency of the support is extremely low, which cannot play the supporting role effectively, as a result, the support is hard to adapt to the geological conditions of Shenghua Coal Mine. 2 By using similar simulation and numerical simulation , we find that when the support passing an empty roadway and the coal pillar between the support and empty roadway reach the limit width, in a certain position of the main roof strata, where advance the empty roadway position, fracture would occur and key “rock block“ would . With the advance of the working surface, the occurrence of “rock block“ rotating instability and sliding instability will greatly affects the working state of the support. 3After the force analysis of support, we found that the sphere of action of external load resultant force of the top beam of four shield type hydraulic support load have certain requirements. For those holding power of the anterior and posterior columns of the hydraulic support are P1and P2, the sphere of action of support resultant forcex∈( 22 2 tan1 pe fbp , 11 1 tan1 pe fbp ), only 万方数据 太原理工大学硕士研究生学位论文 V when the external resultant load is in the range, the anterior and posterior columns of the support can be loaded and the support can be in a good working state. On the contrary, when the external resultant load of the support is not in the range, just smaller force will also cause the support to lose the balance. 4 In view of the mechanism of the instability of the support, the theory model of the support and surrounding rock is established, and the mechanism of the support and surrounding rock is analyzed, and the three factors that may lead to the instability of the stent are obtained, which are top coal quality, the process of top coal caving and the “rock block“ rotating instability and sliding instability leaded by the advanced fracture. 5 By the establishment of mechanical model of support passing empty roadway,reasonable working resistance of support is determined. Combined with the Shenghua coal mine conditions, the support type and its parameters is determined, and ultimately two shield type caving coal hydraulic support ZFY10200/25/42 which is adapt to Shenghua coal mine is determined. 6 By numerical simulation we find that ZFY10200/25/42 two shield type caving coal hydraulic support can be very good control of roof sinking and bottom support pressure can also satisfy the support demand, the support can adapt to the Shenghua coal mine geological conditions. Key Words residual working face, fully mechanized, adaptability of support, similar simulation, numerical simulation 万方数据 太原理工大学硕士研究生学位论文 VI 万方数据 太原理工大学硕士研究生学位论文 i 目录 第一章 绪论.....................................................................................................................................1 1.1 问题提出的背景及研究的意义.......................................................................................1 1.1.1 问题提出的背景......................................................................................................1 1.1.2 研究的意义..............................................................................................................2 1.2 国内外研究现状................................................................................................................2 1.2.1 放顶煤支架的发展及存在的问题........................................................................2 1.2.2 放顶煤技术研究现状.............................................................................................4 1.2.3 综放采场支架-围岩力学系统...............................................................................4 1.2.4 残煤复采研究现状..................................................................................................5 1.2.5 残煤复采支架选型现状.........................................................................................6 1.2.6 存在的问题..............................................................................................................7 1.3 主要研究内容及技术路线............................................................................................... 7 1.3.1 主要研究内容..........................................................................................................7 1.3.2 主要研究技术路线..................................................................................................8 第二章圣华煤业残采工作面概况.............................................................................................9 2.1 矿井概况及煤层赋存条件............................................................................................... 9 2.1.1 交通位置及矿井规模.............................................................................................9 2.1.2 3 号煤层及其顶板力学性质及其参数的确定.....................................................9 2.1.3 其他赋存条件........................................................................................................12 2.2 圣华煤业旧采区赋存现状.............................................................................................12 2.2.1 旧采区资源概况....................................................................................................12 2.2.2 旧式采煤方法分析............................................................................................... 14 2.3 旧采区残煤赋存结构分析.............................................................................................15 2.4 掘进、回采过程中空区、空巷实测情况....................................................................15 2.4.1 掘进过程空巷揭露情况.......................................................................................15 2.4.2 3101 复采工作面空巷物探...................................................................................17 2.4.3 回采过程空巷揭露情况.......................................................................................17 万方数据 太原理工大学硕士研究生学位论文 ii 第三章 1301 残采工作面矿压规律研究....................................................................................21 3.1 圣华煤矿 1301 残煤综采面矿压显现规律研究..........................................................21 3.1.1 1301 工作面情况介绍...........................................................................................21 3.1.2 1301 矿压观测........................................................................................................23 3.2 支架初撑力分布特征......................................................................................................30 3.3 工作面支架工作阻力......................................................................................................33 3.4 工作面来压特征..............................................................................................................40 3.5 支架对顶板的适应性分析.............................................................................................41 3.6 支架进出冒落区变化特征.............................................................................................43 3.7 本章小结...........................................................................................................................50 第四章 圣华煤业旧采区支架围岩关系研究........................................................................53 4.1 圣华煤业工作面过空巷顶板破断规律相似模拟研究...............................................53 4.1.1 实验条件与装备....................................................................................................53 4.1.2 实验过程................................................................................................................54 4.1.3 工作面过空巷顶板破断特征...............................................................................55 4.2 支架受力来源.................................................................................................................. 57 4.3 圣华煤业四柱式支架失稳机理分析.............................................................................57 4.4 圣华煤业支架受力不均衡的工况条件及原因分析...................................................62 4.4.1 四柱掩护式放顶煤支架受力不均机理分析.....................................................62 4.4.2 旧采区空巷对支架受力影响机理分析..............................................................63 4.5 圣华煤业液压支架选型研究.........................................................................................65 4.5.1 液压支架架型确定............................................................................................... 65 4.5.2 液压支架工作阻力的确定...................................................................................66 4.5.3 支架主要参数的确定...........................................................................................71 4.6 本章小结...........................................................................................................................72 第五章 两柱掩护式放顶煤液压支架适应性数值模拟研究...................................................75 5.1 模型的建立.......................................................................................................................75 5.2 支架载荷结构分析..........................................................................................................77 5.3 工作面推进过程中应力场变化规律.............................................................................79 万方数据 太原理工大学硕士研究生学位论文 iii 5.4 本章小结...........................................................................................................................85 第六章 结论与展望.......................................................................................................................87 6.1 结论...................................................................................................................................87 6.2 展望...................................................................................................................................89 参考文献..........................................................................................................................................91 致谢..................................................................................................................................................95 攻读硕士期间发表论文和参加的科研项目...............................................................................97 万方数据 太原理工大学硕士研究生学位论文 iv 万方数据 太原理工大学硕士研究生学位论文 1 第一章 绪论 1.1 问题提出的背景及研究的意义 1.1.1 问题提出的背景 我国是煤炭消费大国,煤炭在一次性能源消费中的比例达 70。煤炭作为主要的能 源消耗品,为我国经济发展做出主要贡献[1-2]。近几年,随着我国经济发展步入新常态以 及环境问题的凸显,“绿色、低碳、协调”成为经济发展的主旋律,降低煤炭消费比重已 势在必行,我国能源发展已不可避免的进入大调整、大变革阶段,我国能源消费结构将 本着“高效、安全、绿色”的目标将发生巨大变化。绿色无污染的水能、核能、天然气 等所占比值将会提高。但基于我国的基本国情及能源安全战略,煤炭仍将是我国的主体 能源。至 2020 年仍将占到 60左右[3-4]。随着新型工业化和城镇化的发展,未来几年我 国煤炭消费仍将保持适度增长。到 2020 年中国的煤炭消费会达到 42 亿吨左右。可以说 煤炭采掘业在我国未来几十年内仍具有重要战略地位。 截止目前,在全世界范围内已探明储量中厚煤层储量占三分之一。在我国厚煤层储 量所占比例更高达 45,总开采量中,厚煤层产量达一半左右[5-6]。因此,厚煤层的开 采反映了我国煤炭工业发展的状况,也对我国国民经济发展具有深远的影响。上世纪九 十年代以前,由于受政策的影响,办煤矿的热潮在我国掀起,仅在山西兴建煤矿达一万 多座[7-8],其中又以乡镇小煤矿居多。限于当时技术装备条件,该类煤矿开采方式主要采 用刀柱式、残柱式和巷放式等较为落后的采煤方法和工艺,回采率小于 30,这就舍弃 了很多宝贵的煤炭资源,尤其有很大一部分优质的煤炭资源未被采出。这些情况在我国 煤炭主产地山西、陕西、内蒙尤为严重[9]。随着我国煤炭需求的放缓以及环保压力的增 大,我国煤炭的使用标准和准入标准也在不断提高,市场对优质煤的需求相对的增大。 随着我国煤炭工业装备技术的不断发展,使得对旧采区残留煤炭资源的再次利用成为可 能。 对旧采区优质煤炭资源的再次开采利用不仅可以充分利用我国为数不多的优质煤 炭资源,且能使得目前深陷隆冬中的煤炭行业实现一定的经济效益,同时保障行业发展 的可持续性。虽然对旧采区煤炭资源的二次开采有诸多优点,但是要保障二次回采过程 万方数据 太原理工大学硕士研究生学位论文 2 中的安全高效存在的影响因素比比皆是,残煤复采的健康发展在一定程度上受到这些因 素的制约。其中包括工作面煤壁片帮、端面冒漏、矿山压力显现不规律及支架适应性差 等,这些情况共同制约了残煤复采的发展。到目前为止,残煤复采的围岩控制理论几乎 处于空白状态,我国真正实现残煤复采的工作面屈指可数,且大部分矿井残煤复采工作 面处于试验阶段。 1.1.2 研究的意义 圣华煤矿位于晋城泽州县境内,是重组整合后的单独保留矿井。重组后该矿在原来 的旧采区内重新开拓了巷道,工作面液压支架采用低位放顶煤液压支架。由于该矿原来 一直采用房柱式和巷柱式等较为落后的采煤方法,圣华煤矿旧采区煤体的赋存状态与实 体煤相比已大不相同,旧采区的煤体变得不再连续,而是大体上以空巷、煤体两种状态 交替出现。支架围岩条件变得复杂多变,液压支架会经过应力集中严重的煤柱、顶煤和 矸石已冒落区、未冒落的空区,这些煤体赋存条件的改变使得工作面液压支架的工作条 件变得更加恶劣,这就会增加采场顶板事故的可能性,所以必须有效控制残煤复采采场 中的围岩,这就要求相应的液压支架与该条件的围岩应具有良好的适应性。所以,研究 残采条件下的支架围岩关系对于保障工作面安全,实现残煤复采的高产高效具有重要意 义。 1.2 国内外研究现状 1.2.1 放顶煤支架的发展及存在的问题 放顶煤液压支架在综采放顶煤工艺中占有重要地位,自上世纪 70 年代以来,放顶 煤支架的架型变革先后经历了高位、中位、正四连杆小插板式、反四连杆大插板式以及 两柱掩护式低位放顶煤液压支架, 同时放顶煤技术也在经历多次变革后得到长足的进步 与完善。通过多年实践证明,支架对围岩的适应性、配套设备的可行性和相应的实用性 是影响工作面产量、效率及采出率的重要因素。所以,放顶煤液压支架的发展程度往往 作为衡量综采放顶煤技术发展的重要指标[10-12]。 1987 年, 平顶山矿务局引进匈牙利 VHP﹣732 型高位放顶煤液压支架, 将支架安放 于缓倾斜工作面环境进行试验,经过统计,月产最高可达 5.5104t。从此高位放顶煤液 万方数据 太原理工大学硕士研究生学位论文 3 压支架开始得到认可与发展。至本世纪九十年代初,此类支架曾广泛应用于许多矿井, 其中潞安的漳村矿曾因采用该种支架而在当时刷新了往年以来高产量高效率纪录。但是 这种支架的缺点也较为明显如放煤口高、放煤口小、顶煤损失大、放煤与采煤机不能 平行作业、效率低下等,并且