水库下开采硬土的宏观变形破坏规律及应用.pdf

硕士学位论文 水库下开采硬土的宏观变形破坏规律及应用 Macroscopic Deation/Failure Caused by Mining of Hard Soil under Reservoir and Application [国家自然科学基金项目资金资助（41272343）] 作者 张 强 导师 董青红 教授 中国矿业大学 二○一五年五月 中图分类号TD8学校代码10290 UDC密级公开 中国矿业大学 硕士学位论文 水库下开采硬土的宏观变形破坏规律及应用 Macroscopic Deation/Failure Caused by Mining of Hard Soil under Reservoir and Application [国家自然科学基金项目资金资助（41272343）] 作者张 强导师董青红 教授 申请学位工学硕士培养单位 资源与地球科学学院 学科专业地质工程研究方向 工程地质与岩土工程 答辩委员会主席姜振泉评 阅 人施龙青 谢焰 二○一五年五月 学位论文使用授权声明学位论文使用授权声明 本人完全了解中国矿业大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意本人所撰 写的学位论文的使用授权按照学校的管理规定处理 作为申请学位的条件之一， 学位论文著作权拥有者须授权所在学校拥有学位 论文的部分使用权，即①学校档案馆和图书馆有权保留学位论文的纸质版和电 子版，可以使用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编学位论文；②为教学和 科研目的，学校档案馆和图书馆可以将公开的学位论文作为资料在档案馆、图书 馆等场所或在校园网上供校内师生阅读、浏览。另外，根据有关法规，同意中国 国家图书馆保存研究生学位论文。 （保密的学位论文在解密后适用本授权书）。 作者签名导师签名 年月日年月日 论文审阅认定书论文审阅认定书 研究生在规定的学习年限内， 按照研究生培养方案 的要求，完成了研究生课程的学习，成绩合格；在我的指导下完成本 学位论文,经审阅，论文中的观点、数据、表述和结构为我所认同， 论文撰写格式符合学校的相关规定， 同意将本论文作为学位申请论文 送专家评审。 导师签字 年月日 致谢致谢 光阴如梭，转眼间三年研究生生活学习即将结束。依然清晰的记得，三年前 以压线的幸运考取中国矿业大学的研究生， 更有幸跟随导师董青红教授开始在科 研的道路上学习、探索。然而能力所限，总是距导师期望与自己目标相差甚远。 虽即将毕业，但仍有许多遗憾、唏嘘、感慨于心间。 在论文即将完成之际， 谨此向我的导师董青红教授致以衷心的感谢和崇高的 敬意本论文是在导师董青红教授的悉心指导下完成的。从论文的选题、研究思 路、试验设计，到问题的分析解决及论文的修订均凝聚了导师的心血。导师治学 严谨，学识渊博，思想深邃，视野雄阔，为我营造了良好的学习氛围，更是在待 人接物上给我树立以良好的榜样。 在和姜振泉老师课题组共处西门 205 实验室的一年中，更是收获良多。有朱 术云老师的勤恳、踏实、对学生无微不至的关心，孙强老师的多才、多产、看问 题独特的眼光， 张蕊博士的全面才能、 扎实的基础、 带领我们一起玩耍的凝聚力， 钱自卫博士的学以致用等。这些都在耳濡目染中，潜移默化地影响着我。 感谢我的同门师兄弟姐妹们，他们是严桂凤、陈凯、杜占吉、刘飞、粟梅、 胡荡、杨铭斐、徐鹏、韦博蔓、陈伟、卢琪、杨浩和宋坤。我们能够相聚在一个 师门是缘分，正是这份缘分让我们相遇、相识、相知，让我们成为了一辈子的兄 弟姐妹。还有 512 的其他两位师弟，袁骏和龚明星，我们一起愉快的玩耍了一年 半，让学习之外更丰富多彩。 还有一些同学，翟如伟、王章磊、靳学斌、郭志军、唐鑫、张卫强、符家驹、 周海涛、张少腾、李佩、葛明洋、刘斌、张辉等，期间也得到了你们的关心、帮 助，一并感谢。 在二十载的求学生涯中，最要感谢我的爸妈、姐姐、姐夫、弟弟，是您们的 鼓励和支持，使得我坚定的走下去。尤其是我勤劳善良的父母亲，殚竭心力终为 子，可怜天下父母心，是您们从青丝熬成了白发，养育之恩，终生难报。 感谢评阅和出席硕士论文答辩会的各位专家、教授，感谢你们百忙之中给予 的指导。 I 摘要摘要 在煤矿开采工程中， 第四系深部或新近系土均具有介于岩和土之间的一些性 质，有些由于赋存层位特殊，介于上部含水层和煤系地层之间，结构上可作为防 隔水层处理，其变形和破坏是分析开采安全的重要因素。 本文以河南泉店煤矿灵泉水库压覆区近松散层薄基岩下开采为地质原型， 分 析了矿区地质、水文地质与工程地质条件，并着重对硬土进行判别、分类，分析 了其工程地质性质，归纳总结了硬土变形破坏的影响因素，选取了基岩厚度、釆 厚、硬土性质三个因素按正交法则进行相似模拟试验，总结了硬土宏观变形破坏 特征，并分析了其破坏机理；同时，对硬土进行水稳试验和电导率试验，划分了 不同水稳性和水土作用阶段，从粒度成分、结构和矿物成分上对其机理进行了分 析。本文取得的主要成果有 （1）试验并总结了硬土的宏观变形破坏特征和机理。根据水库压覆区地质 原型， 按不同基岩厚度、 不同釆厚、 不同岩性设计 9 组工程地质模型试验， 发现 硬土变形破坏类似于基岩，随上行裂隙的扩展会产生类似于“离层”的水平裂隙 和纵向裂隙，呈“拱”状破坏，可划分为四个阶段，其中泥质硬土和砂质硬土的 变形破坏形式又不同，泥质硬土的塑性强，成梁（板）好，而砂质硬土呈脆性破 断， 较松散的特性。 硬土破坏带发育高度影响的敏感性主次顺序为基岩厚、 采厚、 硬土性质，并回归出方程。从压力平衡拱理论解释硬土的变形破坏机理，并建立 了硬土压力平衡拱的力学模型。 （2）试验并分析了硬土的水稳性和差异性。根据硬土水解试验的崩解破坏 形式，归纳出 3 种水稳性类型浸水后不崩解Ⅰ型、浸水后弱崩解Ⅱ型、浸水后 强崩解Ⅲ型。电导率试验发现电导率和 TDS 值绝对增量增加的快慢所表征的 水土作用强度，可与浸水崩解过程对应一致；电导率和 TDS 绝对增量随时间变 化具有阶段性，可划分为 3 个阶段，即前 10min 为水土作用快速段（Ⅰ）， 10120min 为中速段（Ⅱ），1201440min 为缓速段（Ⅲ）。从黏粒含量、结构 和黏土矿物成分上对硬土进行水稳性差异机理探讨分析，得出黏粒含量越高， 水稳性特征越好，崩解性越弱；裂隙越发育，水稳性特征越差，崩解性越强；蒙 脱石、高岭石和伊利石的含量越高，水稳性特征越差，崩解性越强。 （3）根据水库下硬土宏观变形破坏规律及水稳特性研究，分析了水库压覆 区安全开采的可行性。 该论文有图 40 幅，表 14 个，参考文献 76 篇。 关键字关键字水体下采煤；硬土；正交试验；宏观变形破坏；水稳性特征 II Abstract In coal mine, a huge layer of hard soil that cut off the upper aquifers and lower mining areas is always emphasized as the key aquifuge. This hard soil layer are make up of Quaternary and Neogene soil, which all have some properties that rock and soil have. It was careful protected during mining according to its deation/failure characteristics. This paper Basing on the geological prototype of unconsolidated ations and thin bedrocks under reservoir of Quandian coal mine in Henan province, the geological, hydrogeological and engineering geological conditions of study area are analyzed. Discrimination、classification and engineering geologicalproperties of hard soil are also analyzed. Bedrock thickness 、 caving thickness and hard soil lithologic are selected to establish orthogonal test table to conduct simulation experiment. Macroscopic deation failure is summarized, and mechanism is also analyzed. At the same time, hydrolysis and conductivity experiment of hard soil are conducted, and different characteristics of water stability and stages of water-soil interaction are got. Basing on clay content 、stucture and clay mineral content , the mechanism is analyzed. The main conclusions are shown as follows． 1 Macroscopicdeationfailureand mechanismissummarizedby experiment. 9 engineering geological simulation experiments are conducted basing on different bedrock thickness、caving thickness and hard soil lithologic. It can be got that the deation failure of hard soil is similar to bedrock. Horizontal and vertical cracks will appear in mining and deation failure expression is an arch, which includes 4 stages. Shaly hard soil’s plasticity is high to ate beam plate more easily, and sandy hard soil is relatively loose to fail more easily. Their properties of deation failure are different. The important order of relevant factors is bedrock thickness、caving thickness and hard soil lithologic. The equation can be got. The deation failure and mechanism of hard soil are explained by pressure-balanced arch, and mechanical model of pressure-balanced arch is also established. 2 Water stability and difference are analyzed by experiment. It can be summarized 3 water stability types non-disintegration after soaking with waterⅠ, weak disintegration Ⅱ, strong disintegration Ⅲ. From conductivity test, it can be taken that absolute increment of conductivity and TDS variates consistent with time regularly. And it can be divided into three stages,in the first ten minutes was III water-soil interaction quicklyⅠ, 10 120 min for medium speed section Ⅱ, 120 1440 min was slow Ⅲ. The mechanism of different water stability is analyzed from clay content 、stucture and clay mineral content. It can be obtained that the higher the clay content, the better the water stability and the weaker the disintegration; the more the fracture, the weaker the water stability and the better the disintegration; the higher content of montmorillonite, kaolinite and illite, the weaker the water stability characteristics and the better the disintegration. 3 Basing on macroscopic deation failure and water stability of hard soil under reservoir, feasibility of mining is studied in study area. The thesis has 40 figures，14 tables，76 references． Keywords Mining under water; Hard soil; Orthogonal experiment; Macroscopic deation and failure; Water stability IV 目录目录 摘要摘要............................................................................................................................ I 目录目录......................................................................................................................... IV 图清单图清单......................................................................................................................VIII 表清单表清单......................................................................................................................... XI 变量注释表变量注释表................................................................................................................XII 1 绪论绪论............................................................................................................................1 1.1 研究背景及意义.....................................................................................................1 1.2 国内外研究现状及存在问题.................................................................................1 1.3 主要研究内容.........................................................................................................6 1.4 研究方法及技术路线.............................................................................................6 2 研究区水文地质工程地质条件研究区水文地质工程地质条件................................................................................8 2.1 水库压覆区地质概况.............................................................................................8 2.2 地层.........................................................................................................................8 2.3 地质构造.................................................................................................................9 2.4 水文地质条件.......................................................................................................10 2.5 覆岩工程地质条件...............................................................................................11 3 硬土的工程地质性质硬土的工程地质性质..............................................................................................12 3.1 硬土的判别、分类...............................................................................................12 3.2 硬土的工程地质性质...........................................................................................12 3.3 硬土的赋存特征...................................................................................................16 4 硬土宏观变形破坏的试验模拟研究硬土宏观变形破坏的试验模拟研究......................................................................17 4.1 相似材料模拟简介...............................................................................................17 4.2 模型设计及制作...................................................................................................19 4.3 模拟方案设计.......................................................................................................21 4.4 试验过程分析.......................................................................................................22 4.5 硬土变形破坏影响因素的敏感性分析...............................................................35 4.6 硬土变形破坏的机理分析...................................................................................40 4.7 本章小结...............................................................................................................42 5 硬土的水稳特性硬土的水稳特性......................................................................................................44 V 5.1 硬土的水稳性试验...............................................................................................44 5.2 电导率试验...........................................................................................................48 5.3 水稳性差异的机理分析.......................................................................................51 5.4 本章小结...............................................................................................................55 6 研究区开采可行性分析研究区开采可行性分析..........................................................................................56 6.1 硬土平衡拱极限跨度分析...................................................................................56 6.2 应用分析...............................................................................................................58 7 结论及展望结论及展望..............................................................................................................62 7.1 主要结论...............................................................................................................62 7.2 不足与展望...........................................................................................................62 参考文献参考文献......................................................................................................................64 作者简历作者简历......................................................................................................................68 学位论文原创性声明学位论文原创性声明..................................................................................................69 学位论文数据集学位论文数据集..........................................................................................................70 VI Contents Abstract........................................................................................................................II Contents......................................................................................................................VI List of Figures..........................................................................................................VIII List of Tables...............................................................................................................XI List of Variables........................................................................................................XII 1 Introduction...............................................................................................................1 1.1 Research Background and Significance...................................................................1 1.2 Present Status and Issues..........................................................................................1 1.3 Research Objectives and Contents...........................................................................6 1.4 and Technical Route....................................................................................6 2 Hydrogeological and Engineering Geological Conditions of StudyArea............ 8 2.1 Geological Conditions under Reservoir...................................................................8 2.2 ations................................................................................................................8 2.3 Geological Structure.................................................................................................9 2.4 Hydrogeological Conditions.................................................................................. 10 2.5 Engineering Geological Conditions of Overburden Rock..................................... 11 3 The Engineering Geological Characteristics of Hard Soil...................................12 3.1 Discrimination and Classification of Hard Soil..................................................... 12 3.2 Engineering Geological Characteristics of Hard Soil............................................12 3.3 Occurrence Characteristics of Hard Soil................................................................16 4 Macroscopic Deation and Failure Simulation of Hard Soil........................17 4.1 Introduction of Similar Material Simulation..........................................................17 4.2 Model Design and Equipment................................................................................19 4.3 Scheme Design.......................................................................................................21 4.4 Experiment Analysis.............................................................................................. 22 4.5 SensitivityAnalysis of Hard Soil’s Deation and Failure Factors...................35 4.6 Deation and Failure Mechanism Analysis of Hard Soil.................................40 4.7 Chapter Summary...................................................................................................42 5 Water Stability of Hard Soil...................................................................................44 VII 5.1 Water Stability Experiment of Hard Soil................................................................44 5.2 Conductivity Test................................................................................................... 48 5.3 Mechanism Analysis of Different Water Stability..................................................51 5.4 Chapter Summary.............................................................................................