油气生产中的冲刷腐蚀(一).pdf
第 4 2卷第 1 期 石 油 与 天然 气 化工 CHEMI CAL ENGI NE ERI NG OF OI I & GAS Er q s i o n - ‘ 。 o i ’a n d g a s p r o d u c t i o nr o s i o n c o r r o s i o n i n o i l a n d o r o d u c t i o n _ _ Pa r t 1 Ba o t o n g Lu M a t e r i a l s Eng i ne e r i ng De p a r t m e n t , S ou t hwe s t Re s e a r c h I ns t i t u t e, Sa n An t on i o, TX , USA Abs t r a c t Cha l l e n ge s due t o e r o s i on c or r o s i on i n o订 a nd g a s p r od uc t i o n a r e b r i e f 1 v r e v i e we d . The a c hi e v e me nt s of t he a ut h o r’ s g r ou p o n t he m o d e l i ng o f s yn e r gi s t i c e f f e c t s e r o s i o n a r e s u m m a r i z e d . The e r os i o n c o r r o s i on m e c h a ni s m s,t he m e t ho ds t o e v a l u a t e t he e r os i o n ~ c o r r o s i o n r e s i s t a n c e o f ma t e r i a l s a n d t h e a p pr o a c h e s t o m i t i g a t e t h e d a m a ge c a us e d by e r os i o n ~ c o r r os i o n a r e d i s c us s e d i n t hi s a r t i c l e . Thi s a r t i c l e i s pr e s e n t e d i n t wo p a r t s . Pa r t 1 f o c u s e s O n t h e ba c k gr ou nd. t h e c o n c e p t s r e l a t i n g t o s y n e r g i s m o f e r o s i o n / c o r r o s i o n a n d c o r r o s i o n i n e r o s i v e f l u i d s . Ke y wo r ds e r o s i on c or r os i o n,pe t r o l e um ,e v a l ua t i o n,mi t i g a t i o n 油气 生产 中的冲刷腐蚀 一 摘 要 简要评 述 了在 油 同效应 模 型方 面所取 得 的成 就 害的途 径进 行 了讨论 。本 文 分 效应 相 关 的背景 和概 念 。 关键 词 冲刷腐 蚀 石 油 中 图分类 号 T E 9 8 8 . 2 1 Ba c kg r o u n d Ba o t o ng Lu 美 国西南 研究 院材 料 工程 部 气生 产过 程 中 因冲刷 腐蚀 而带 来 的各 种挑 战 , 介 绍 了在 建 立 冲刷 协 ,并对 冲刷 腐蚀 机 理 、 用于评 估抗 冲刷 腐蚀 材料 的 方法 以及减 轻其 危 两部分 进行 论 述 , 第一 部 分主 要介 绍与 腐 蚀 性 流体 的冲刷 腐 蚀 协 同 评 价 减缓 文 献标 志码 A D O I 1 0 . 3 9 6 9 / j . i s s n . 1 0 0 7 3 4 2 6 . 2 0 1 3 . 0 1 . 0 0 1 r e mo ve s m a l l p i e c e s o f m a t e r i a l a s we l l ,l e a d i ng t o W i t h a f e w e xc e p t i o ns,m o s t m e t a 1 s o we t he i r a s i g ni f i c a nt i nc r e a s e i n p e ne t r a t i o n r a t e Fo r i n c or r o s i o n r e s i s t a nc e t o a pr o t e c t i v e s ur f a c e f i J m .E s t a nc e ,c a r b o n s t e e l pi p e c a r r yi n g wa t e r i s us ua l l y r os i v e f l u i ds c a n da ma ge t he pr o t e c t i v e f i l m , a nd p r o t e c t e d b y a f i l m o f r u s t a nd i t s c o r r os i o n r a t e s Bao t o n g Lu Dr . Lu S r e s e a r c h a r e a l i e s ma i n l y a t m e c ha ni c a l m e t a l l u r g y a n d c or r o s i on e ng i n e e r i n g.He h as l ong t e r m r e s e a r c h e xpe r i e nc e f r om 1 9 8 4 t o now. He i s a n e xp e r t o n s t r uc t u r a l i nt e gr i t y a s s e s s m e nt f or t he e ngi ne e r i ng c omp one n t s o r s t r u c t u r e s i n o i l / g a s p r o d u c t i o n a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n,n u c l e a r p l a n t s ,c i v i 1 c o n s t r u c t i o n s ,a v i a t i o n / a e r o s D a c e a n d a u t o mo b i l e i n d u s t r i e s .I n r e c e n t y e a r s ,h e h a s c o mp l e t e d a n d i s c o n d u c t i n g ma n y r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t s f r o m g o v e r n me n t s o f US A/ C a n a d a a n d t h e i n d u s t r i a 1 c o m p a n i’e s ,i n c l u d i n g Ex x o n Mo b i l ,S h e l l , Ch e v r o n,B P,At o mi c En e r g y Ca n a d a Lt d .e t c .An d h e o b t a i n e d ma n v a c hi e ve me n t s .H e b ui l t a we ar c o r r os i o n pe r f or m a nc e map of c hr ome whi t e i r o n t ha t h a s be e n us e d i n t he ma t e r i a 1 s c r e e n f or t a i l i n g p i p e s i n o i 1 s a n d p r o d u c t i o n . H e a l s o c o n d u c t e d r e s e a r c h o n c o r r o s i o n a n d S CC o f s t e a m g e n e r a t o r S Gt u b i n g ma t e r i a l s i n n u c l e a r p l a n t s . Hi s r e s e a r c h r e v e a l e d t h e c o r r e l a t i o n b e t we e n t h e S CC s u s c e p t i b i l i t y a n d s t a b i l i t y o f p a s s i v e f i l ms o f S G t u b i n g ma t e r i a l s a n d m e c h a n i s ms o f p a s s i v i t y d e g r a d a t i o n c a u s e d b y t h e l e a d c o n t a mi n a t i o n t h a t h a s b e e n r e c o g n i z e d a s o n e o f p r i ma r y c o n t r i b u t o r s t O S CC o f S G t u b e s .Dr .L u h a s p u b l i s h e d t h a n 1 0 0 r e s e a r c h p a p e r s i n p e e r - r e v i e we d j o u r n a l s . 学兔兔 w w w .x u e t u t u .c o m B a o t o n g I u Er o s i o n - c o r r o s i o n i n o i l a n d g a s p r o d u c t i o n P a r t 1 2 O 1 3 a r e t y p i c a l l y 1 c a s e 2 i n Fi g . 2 .I n f l o wi n g s l u r r y , t he i m p i ng e m e nt o f s ol i d pa r t i c l e s wo ul d r e m o ve t he c o r r o s i on s c a l e a nd t he a c t i v a t i on o f e l e c t r o de m a y r e s ul t f r o m t he dy n a m i c p l a s t i c s t r a i n i n t he s u r f a c e l a y e rn K F,a nd K ≈ K F . I f t he f l ui d do e s no t i ndu c e t he b r e a kd o wn of pa s s i v e f i l m ,t he c ot r o s i on o f i r o n b a s e d a l l o ys i s c o nt r ol l e d b y t he di f f us i o n o f ox y ge n v a c a nc y wi t hi n t he pa s s i ve f i l mc 。 ] a nd h e n c e t he c o r r o s i o n r a t e i s c on t r o l l e d b y t h e d e n s i t y a nd di f f us i o n c o e f f i c i de n s i t y wi t hi n t h e p a s s i v e f i l e n t o f ox y ge n v a c a n c y m [ 。 引 .I f t he f l u i d c a n n o t d e s t r o y t h e p a s s i v e f i l m,a h i g h f l o wi n g v e l o c i t y c a n i n c r e a s e t he d i s s o l v e d ox y ge n s u ppl y a t t h e e l e c t r o d e / e l e c t r o 1 y t e i n t e r f a c e , l e a d i n g t o a r e duc e d ox yg e n va c a nc y d e ns i t y i n t he p a s s i v e f i l m . As a r e s u l t ,t h e p a s s i v e c u r r e n t d e n s i t y i s l i k e l y t o b e r e d u c e d .I f t h e f l u i d d a ma g e s a n d / o r d e s t r u c t s t he pa s s i ve f i l m ,t he c o r r o s i o n r a t e wi l l i nc r e a s e d dr a m a t i c a l l y E 6 9 ] . 3. 2 Cr i t i c a l i mp i ng e me nt v e l o c i t y Th e e xa c t me c ha n i s m o f pr o t e c t i ve f i l m d a m a g e du r i ng e r o s i o n c o r r os i o n i n s i ngl e p ha s e d t u r b ul e n t f l o w i s s t i l l i n d oub t . The r e i s u nc e r t a i nt y r e g a r d i ng t h e r o l e s of m e c h a ni c a l f or c e s a nd m a s s t r a ns f e r i n f i l m d i s r up t i o n s i n c e b ot h o f t he m a r e d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t u r b ul e n c e i nt e ns i t y . A n i nd us t r y s t a nd a r d,API RP一 1 4 E[ r e c omm e n ds a n e m p i r i c a l f or m u l a,or i gi n a l l y d e v e l o p e d f r om t he e x pe r i e n c e i n e l e c t r i c p o we r i n du s t r y wi t h e r o s i o n c o r r o s i o n of c a r b on s t e e l by s t e a m c on de ns a t e,t o e s t i ma t e t h e c r i t i c a l v e l o c i t y U f t / s b e y o n d wh i c h t h e c o r r os i o n r a t e wi l l b e c ome un a c c e p t a bl e hi gh du e t o on s e t o f e r o s i o n c o r r o s i o n. Ue -- CA H 1 2 F whe r e p F i s t he d e ns i t y of f l u i d i n I bf t a n d CA P 1 i s a c on s t a nt . A c o ns t a nt 45 0 i s r e c om me n de d f o r us e i n s e a wa t e r i n j e c t i o n s y s t e ms c o n s t r u c t e d f r o m c o r r o s i o n r e s i s t a n t a l l oy s , 1 00 i s f or o t he r m a t e r i a l s a n d 1 5 O ~ 2 0 0 f o r i n h i b i t e d s y s t e ms .Th e l i q u i d j e t i m p i ng e m e nt t e s t s on API 5 CT LS 0 1 2 Cr s t e e I i n d i c a t e t he e r os i o n c o r r os i o n r e s i s t a n c e i n a bs e nc e o f s ol i d p a r t i c l e i s c o ns i d e r a b l y hi gh e r t ha n t ha t p r e di c t e d by API RP一 1 4 E[ 。 .Th e c r i t i c a l ve l oc i t y i s a l s o a f u nc t i o n o f e nv i r o nm e nt a nd s y s t e m g e o m e t r y_ 8 _ .Ef f o r t s ha ve be e n ma de t o mod i f y Eq . 8t o pr o v i d e m o r e u ni v e r s a l CA P l f a c t o r, b y t a ki ng t he h a r dn e s s of s u r f a c e f i l m s i n t o a c c o unt E . Be c a u s e 砖. 工 盎0 _ 【 ∞ 0 0 0 0 一∞ 0 日 学兔兔 w w w .x u e t u t u .c o m 第 4 2 卷第 1期 石油与天然气化工 CHEMI CAL ENGI NEERI NG 0F 0I L 8 L GAS t h e p r ot e c t i ve f i l m p a s s i v e f i l m o r c o r r o s i on pr od u c t s c a l e i s v e r y t h i n ~ 1 0 n m o r l e s s ,b o t h t h e t he o r y a n d e xp e r i m e n t a l t e c hni q ue s f o r e v a l u a t i n g t he m e c ha n i c a l p r ope r t i e s o f t h e pr o t e c t i v e f i l m a r e no t we l l e s t a bl i s he d _ 7 2 _ .The c r i t i c a l ve l oc i t y U c a n be r e g a r d e d a s t he c r i t i c a l c o nd i t i o n l e a di n g t o p a s s i v e f i l m br e a kdo wn a n d, t h e r e f or e。 i t i s u s e f u1 t o ol t o e va l u a t e t he e r os i o n c o r r o s i on s us c e p t i bi l i t y o f ma t e r i a l s u nd e r i mpi n ge m e nt l i qu i d d r o pl e t S US pe n di n g i n hi gh v e l o c i t y g a s f l o w[ .H o we v e r , i t d oe s n ot r e l a t e t o t h e c or r os i o n r a t e a f t e r t he pa s s i ve f j 1 m b r e a kd own. 3. 3 W a l l s he a r s t r e s s e s Ba s e d on t h e e x pe r i m e nt a l o bs e r v a t i o n of c op pe r a l l o y t ub e s wi t h a di a me t e r of 2 5 m m[ . Ef i r d[ ] p r op os e d t he c on c e pt o f ‘c r i t i c a l wa l l s he a r s t r e s s ’f o r f i l m d i s r u pt i on . r 一 A P 4 1 3 x / d J 2 L \ 1 u / wh e r e f i s t h e F a n n i n g f r i c t i o n f a c t o r [ ]a n d i t s v a l u e s f o r pi p e s wi t h v a r i ou s s ur f a c e r ou gh ne s s c a n b e o bt a i ne d f r om a M oo d y c ha r t [ 引. Th e c on c e pt of c r i t i c a 1 wa l 1 s h e a r s t r e s s ha s b e e n us e d t o e v a l u a t e t h e pe r f or m a nc e of pr o t e c t i v e f i l m o f i n hi bi t o r i n CO2 c or r o s i o n o f c a r bo n s t e e l E . Howe ve r,t hi s i de a wa s no t t e s t e d t o s e e i f t h e c on c e p t of c r i t i c a l wa l l s he a r s t r e s s wa s a pp l i c a b l e t o o t h e r g e o m e t r i e s [ .I t ha s b e e n p oi n t e d ou t t ha t t he wa l l s he a r s t r e s s e s ob t a i n e d a r e t o o l o w t o r e mov e t he c or r o s i on p r o du c t s c a l e f r o m t he pi p e wa l l [ , 。 。 ] The mos t s e v e r e e r os i o n c o r r o s i on pr ob l e m s o c c u r u nde r c o nd i t i ons o f d i s t ur be d t ur bu l e nt f l o w a t s u dd e n c h a ng e s on t he f l owi ng s ys t e m ,s uc h a s be nd s, he a t e x c h a ng e r t u be i nl e t s,or i f i c e p l a t e s , v a l u e s , f i t t i n g s a n d i n t u r b o ma c h i n e r y i n c l u d i n g pu m ps , c o m pr e s s or s, t ur bi ne s a n d p r op e l l e r s [ 引. The e x pe r i me nt a l e v i de nc e i nd i c a t e d t h a t i t i s d i f f i c ul t t o c or r e l a t e t h e c or r o s i o n r a t e i n t he de t a c he d f l o w pr o d uc e d by t he d owns t r e a m o f pi p e e x pa n s i on t o t he wa l l s he a r s t r e s s E .I n r e a l i t y, t he r e a r e f l u c t ua t i ng s he a r s t r e s s a nd pr e s s ur e a t t he wa l l a n d t h e l a r g e s t v a l ue s ar e o bt a i ne d q ua s i c y c l i c bu r s t i ng e v e nt s c l os e t o t h e wa l l [ .I t i s wo r t hy o f s t ud y i ng t h e po s s i b i l i t y t ha t t he c or r o s i on p r o du c t s c a l e i s ph ys i c a l l y r e mov e d by t he s t r e s s r e s ul t i n g f r om t he t u r bul e nt f l u i d[ 2 4 ] . 1 8 1 . 6 1 . 4 _ 1 . 0 \ 。 0 . 6 0 . 4 1 O 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 G/ k P a F i g . 3 E ff e c t o f h a r d n e s s o f t a r g e t ma t e r i a l an d wa s h e a r s t r es s o n n o n . F a r a d a i c ma t e r i al l O S S I 。 ’ I n a d di t i o n t o c or r o s i on p r oc e s s i n f l ui d, t h e wa l l s h e a r s t r e s s m a y c a us e a n e x t r a ma t e r i a l l o s s i n a c or r o di ng me di um .I t wa s f o un d t ha t t h e a c t u a l ma t e r i a l l o s s i n f l o wi ng e l e c t r o l y t e s f r e e of s o l i d p a r t i c l e me a s ur e d wi t h we i gh t l os s me t ho d wa s h i gh e r t h a n t ha t c a l c u l a t e d wi t h t he Fa r a da y’ s l a w b a s e d o n t he a n o di c c u r r e nt de n s i t y d e t e r m i n e d b y t he e l e c t r oc he m i c a l a pp r oa c h[ 。 一 .The e xt r a m a t e r i a l l O S S i s de f i n e d a s n on Fa r a d a y’s ma t e r i a l 1 O S S . 7 .- U N F 7 .U W F 1 4 whe r e叫 i s t o t a l ma t e r i al I OS S m e a s u r e d wi t h t he we i g ht l o s s m e t ho d a nd t he Fa r a da y’s ma t e r i a l l os s i s e q ua l t o t he c o r r os i o n r a t e . . M. , 1 -、 叫 F一 一 。c 。 r r 1b Th e n on Fa r a da y m a t e r i a l l os s d i s a ppe a r s a s t he c or r o s i on i s c e a s e d by c a t ho d i c p r o t e c t i o n. Ho we v e r ,i t i nc r e a s e s wi t h i n c r e a s i ng a n od i c c ur r e n t d e n s i t y a n d t h e wa l l s h e a r s t r e s s Fi g .3 , s u gg e s t i ng i t i s a r e s u l t o f s yn e r gi s t i c e f f e c t be t we e n t he m e c ha n i c a l f or c e a nd c o r r o s i o n 学兔兔 w w w .x u e t u t u .c o m 8 Ba ot o ng Lu Er os i on - c or r o s i on i n o i l a nd ga s pr o du c t i o n Pa r t 1 2 O1 3 3. 4 Co r r o s i o n o f pa s s i v e me t a l s i n f l o wi ng s l u r r y W he n t h e k i ne t i c e n e r g y of s o l i d pa r t i c l e s i n f l owi ng s l u r r y e xc e e d s a t h r e s h ol d v a l ue,t he p a r t i c l e i m pi nge m e n t wi l l r e m o v e a s ma l l pi e c e o f pa s s i v e f i l m a n d p r o d uc e a c r a t e r . I t wi l l l e a d t o a i 2 , r 2 r e l a t e s t o a s l o wl y d e c a y i n g p r o c e s s f o r g r o wt h o f a p a s s i v e f i l m_ 8 4 _ ; i 1 - f- i 2 一 i 。 k , i p e , k i s t h e pe a k r e s p on s e o f l o c a l c ur r e n t d e ns i t y ov e r t he c r a t e s ur f a c e t o t he pa r t i c l e i m pi n ge m e n t ; i s i s t he s t a bl e c u r r e nt de ns i t y i n t h e f l o wi n g wa t e r f r e e o f s h a r p r i s e o f l oc a l c o r r o s i o n c ur r e nt o ve r t he c r a t e s a nd . I n t h i s c a s e,t he c or r o s i o n c ur r e n t de n s i t y i n s u r f a c e . Th e n t he l o c a l t i me b e c a u s e o f r e p a s s i v a c u r r e nt wi l l de c a y wi t h t i on L .As a r e s u l t ,t he c o r r o s i o n c u r r e nt d e n s i t y ov e r t a r ge t s ur f a c e t ha t i s i m p a c t e d by s l u r r y i s no l o ng e r un i f o r m a nd t he a v e r a g e c o r r o s i o n c ur r e nt d e ns i t y wi l l de pe n ds on t he r a t e o f pa s s i v e f i l m r e m o v a l a nd r e p a s s i v a t i on ki ne t i c s . I n l i n e wi t h t he ki n e t i c a n a l y s i s o f s l ur r y i m p i ng e m e nt ,t he a v e r a g e c